RATU KELI OR CATFISH OR LELE

Daun Kapal Terbang

Dicatat oleh RaTu KeLi

Seperti yang dimaklumkan dalam kursus-kursus sebalum ini, disini dipaparkan gambar bagi daun kapal terbang yang merupakan antara ramuan bagi rawatan air, selain EM,daun ubi kayu dan garam kasar.

Rabu, Mei 27, 2009 | 0 Comments

KURSUS ASAS PENTERNAKAN IKAN KELI SESI 25

Dicatat oleh RaTu KeLi Label: Kursus Intensif Pembenihan, RaTu KeLi

UNTUK MAKLUMAN SEMUA

KURSUS ASAS PENTERNAKAN IKAN KELI

SIRI YANG KE-25

AKAN DIADAKAN PADA

6 JUNE 2009

Datanglah beramai-ramai...

Kami juga ada menyediakan tawaran Contract Farming kepada

setiap perserta.. dan kami juga ada menjual

E-book Panduan Asas Menternak Ikan Keli [siri 1] kepada setiap peserta

dengan harga yang berpatutan...

Ahad, Mei 24, 2009 | 0 Comments

Berita@Kosmo - Sumber Keli Tidak Halal

Dicatat oleh ISERA

'Kita hanya jual di luar Perak' - Ternak ikan keli untuk ‘membersihkan’ air kumbahan dari ladang babi

Oleh KUMARA SABAPATTY
kumara.sabapatty@kosmo.com.my

SEORANG penduduk, Azmi Yunus menunjukkan salah satu kolam ternakan ikan keli yang menggunakan air kumbahan babi di sebuah kawasan dekat Ipoh semalam.

IPOH - Sanggupkah anda menjamah hidangan ikan keli yang membesar dengan zat air kumbahan dari ladang babi?

Jika tidak, anda harus memastikan ikan keli yang dimakan selepas ini bukan diternak di salah satu daripada 10 kolam ternakan itu yang diusahakan bersebelahan sebuah ladang ternakan babi di negeri ini.

Bagi penduduk berhampiran, penternakan ikan keli oleh pengusaha ladang tersebut tidak lebih sekadar untuk 'membersihkan' air sisa kumbahan babi sebelum ia dilepaskan ke saliran utama berhampiran beberapa kawasan perumahan di situ.

Wartawan dan jurugambar Kosmo! yang berjaya memasuki ladang tersebut semalam, terkejut melihat air kolam-kolam ternakan itu berwarna hijau lumut dan keadaannya jauh berbeza dengan air kolam ternakan ikan keli di tempat lain.

Menurut seorang lelaki yang mendakwa pemilik ladang babi tersebut, ikan-ikan keli yang diternak di kawasan seluas empat hektar itu bukan untuk pasaran tempatan sebaliknya untuk dijual di luar Perak.

"Kita tidak jual sini, semua luar Perak. Sini susah, orang dekat sini sudah bising pasal ladang (babi)," katanya yang enggan dikenali.

Dia enggan menjelaskan di mana ikan keli terbabit dipasarkan tetapi mengakui benih-benih ikan itu diperoleh daripada seorang pemborong di sini.

"Kenapa banyak tanya, saya kata kita tidak jual kepada orang sini (tempatan), awak kalau mahu, beli di tempat lainlah,'' katanya sebelum meminta kami beredar.

Berdasarkan tinjauan, setiap kolam berkenaan mempunyai dua paip saliran, paip masuk dan keluar yang berfungsi mengalirkan air kumbahan kandang babi yang kemudiannya terus ke dalam parit di sebelah ladang terbabit.

Sisa dan air kumbahan yang disalurkan ke dalam kolam dipercayai mendap ke bawah dan menjadi 'makanan' ikan manakala mendapan itu pula menyebabkan permukaan kolam seolah-olah diselaputi lumut.

Dianggarkan lebih 100,000 ekor ikan keli diternak di 10 kolam yang dikawal rapi dan tidak boleh dimasuki pihak luar.

p/s: Ini adalah realiti pasaran ikan keli sekarang....100,000 bermakna 16 tan ikan keli bersedia untuk dikeluarkan. Fikirkan lah..mulakan langkah dari sekarang....alternatif yang halal tersedia...yang penting adalah semangat dan kerjasama...

DR.ISKANDAR

Isnin, Mei 18, 2009 | 0 Comments

KURSUS ASAS PENTERNAKAN IKAN KELI SIRI 24

Dicatat oleh RaTu KeLi Label: Kursus Intensif Pembenihan

Untuk Makluman Semua Kursus Asas Ternakan Ikan Keli Siri Ke-24 akan di adakan pada 23 MEI 2009.

Datanglah beramai-ramai...

Ebook Panduan Asas Ternakan Ikan Keli (Siri 1) akan dijual MURAH pada harga RM30 sahaja khas untuk peserta kursus Siri Ke-24

Khamis, Mei 14, 2009 | 0 Comments

Kursus Asas Penternakan Ikan Keli Sesi-22

Dicatat oleh RaTu KeLi Label: Kursus Asas

Alhamdulillah...

Kursus Asas Siri Ke-22 telah dijalankan dengan jayanya pada 02 Mei 2009. Sesi kali ini hanya merangkumi hanya kurang daripada 20 orang peserta yang datang dari jauh antaranya dari Sibu, Miri, Saratok dan sebagainya...

Kursus Asas Siri Ke-23 akan diadakan pula pada 09 Mei 2009 ditempat yang sama iaitu di Pejabat Urusan Ainul Agrobased di Batu 4 Jalan Matang, Kuching (Di belakang E-Mart, Kuching)

Bagi peserta kursus yang ingin mendapatkan gambar kenangan semasa kursus, anda boleh ke http://www.ratukeli.com/ untuk memuatturun gambar kursus..

Selasa, Mei 05, 2009 | 0 Comments

Ich! What are those white spots on my fish?

Dicatat oleh RaTu KeLi Label: Penyakit Keli

Ich or Whitespot Disease is perhaps the most common disease encountered by freshwater aquarists everywhere, both beginning and advanced. It is caused by a protozoan parasite with a complex life cycle - in order to understand how to treat it successfully, you will need to understand a few things about this life cycle.

Low levels of Ich usually result in fish that scratch against inanimate objects in the tank, such as gravel and ornaments. Research has shown that fish can develop partial immunity to low levels of pathogens in their water and establish a tentative balance. Scratching itself should not be cause for real alarm, because some fish can live for years in this state if otherwise kept in optimal conditions, but they should be closely observed just in case. Sudden changes in their environment, such as temperature/pH fluctuations, bad water quality, overcrowding, etc. can disrupt this delicate equilibrium and spur on serious outbreaks of disease (these conditions cause stress, which suppresses the fish's natural immunity). Of special note here are tanks that have not completed cycling (only just set up, but which don't have established nitrifying bacteria in the filter yet), tanks that were overstocked almost overnight, and cases of sudden changes in ambient room temperature. These are especially common in the fall and winter, when ambient temperatures can change so fast that the heater's thermostat lags behind and gives your fish "the chills". Note that, in all these scenarios, Ich should be understood as a consequence of poor fishkeeping conditions, and there´s no point in worrying about treating this consequence without first attacking and correcting the cause of the poor conditions in which the fish are living.

An outbreak of serious Ich will look like white grains of salt on the skin of your fish, from 0.3 to 1.0 mm in diameter. Each individual spot is actually an adult parasite known as the Trophont, which has been enveloped in the pus and tissue of the infected fish's skin and slime layer. Heavy infestations can be very dangerous if they reach the gills or cause secondary bacterial infections, so Ich is definitely not a disease to be treated lightly. If allowed to progress to the point where the fish is very ragged in appearance and hanging near the surface, displaying a lot of respiratory distress, it can be fatal.

The white spots, however, only indicate one stage of Ich (the only one that can be seen by the naked eye). After infecting the fish, the adult organism falls off into the gravel and becomes encysted in a free-living dormant stage known as a Tomont. THIS CYST STAGE IS INVULNERABLE TO MEDICATIONS. This is the reason why a raise in temperature is suggested IN CONJUNCTION with Ich treatments...it speeds up the life cycle and makes the stages that are treatable come around faster. If you do raise the temperature, do so very slowly so as not to stress the weak fish further. Raise it no more than 1-2°C every day, and do not allow this temperature to fluctuate. Also, consider the types of fish you are keeping...most tropicals can tolerate as high as 30-31°C, but most Goldfish will start to languish in the high 20's, so don't push them any further.

Depending on the water temperature, the encysted stage will take from several hours to several days to divide into 200-800 larvae, called Theronts. These must find a host fish within a short window of time or die. They usually infest fish when they scratch against the gravel, continuing the cycle of disease. Usually, all 3 stages will be present within the same tank, but the larval Theront stage is the one that medications and treatments really target.

Luckily, there are a number of very effective treatments available on the market. Some of the most popular include:

QuickCure by Aquarium Pharmaceuticals
Coppersafe by Mardel Laboratories
Super Ick Cure by Jungle Labs

If used correctly, most of these meds have a high success rate, but keep in mind that they are strong treatments that will probably kill your plants (if you have planted tanks, remove fish and treat them separately). Also, with malachite green based meds such as QuickCure, be extra careful and halve the dosage for Catfish and Tetras, which are extra sensitive to the ingredients (and can easily die before they are cured). Treat all fish for at least a week, even contrary to the directions on the label, if you want to prevent reoccurrence later. As can be seen from the complex life cycle, Ich is a tenacious disease that is difficult to eradicate.

Some recommend the addition of aquarium salt (NaCl salt, not to be confused with Marine salt, which contains buffers and should not be used on FW fish) at the concentration of 1 tablespoon per 20 liters with this treatment. This low level of salt (not to be confused with true brackishness) will serve to help wounds heal faster by hyperosmalarity, add electrolytes to help decrease osmotic stress, and also discourage the growth of the parasite. However, salt should be used with extreme caution, since not all fish will tolerate its addition. In particular, do not use salt with sensitive soft water Tetras such as Neons, Cardinals and Glow-Lights, scaleless Catfish (which can be easily burned by it if salt is not pre-dissolved) or live plants.

Through all treatments, temperature should be kept as steady as possible (once it is raised to speed the life cycle), and water changes should be done regularly just as they normally would be (keeping the dosage constant by replacing the amount which is lost with each change). Carbon should be removed from the filter to keep it from absorbing the medication.

With good prevention techniques - buying only healthy fish from reputable LFS, quarantine, keeping the water quality high, and sticking to rules of not overstocking - and some luck, you may never see another case of Ich again.

NOTE 1: There are literally hundreds of diseases that can strike down the fish we keep in home aquaria. Just because your fish is sick, does not mean that they necessarily have ich - fish diseases can have protozoan, macroparasitic, fungal, bacterial, viral, genetic, environmental, and other causes, and all are treated differently. Unless your fish is exhibiting the characteristic salt grain spots, there is no reason to jump to the conclusion that Ich is the cause and start treating for it.

NOTE 2: I have seen posts arguing that Malachite Green increases in toxicity to fish as the temperature increases. You may want to reconsider your decision to use Malachite Green if you intend to raise the temperature at the same time, or if you already maintain your temperature at a higher level than normal. For the record, I have not personally experienced this problem.

source: http://www.aquahobby.com/articles/e_ich.php

Selasa, Mei 05, 2009 | 0 Comments

Treating White Spot Disease

Dicatat oleh RaTu KeLi Label: Penyakit Keli

White Spot Disease, also known as Ich or Ick, is a very common problem in aquariums and several different methods of treating it has been developed. In this article, we will take a close look at salt and malachite green. If salt or malachite green is the best available treatment for your particular aquarium depends on several different factors, including which species you keep and how sensitive they are to salt. Salt as well as malachite treatment is often combined with an increased water temperature and added aeration.

Malachite green treatment

Malachite green must be accurately dosed since it is a powerful chemical that will kill you fish if you overdo it. Some species are less tolerant to malachite green than others and it is therefore a good idea to research your species to find out how much malachite green they can handle. Many manufacturers recommend one drop of their product for each gallon of water in the aquarium to treat White Spot Disease, but a lot of producers sell really concentrated malachite green where one drop/gallon will not be safe to use on sensitive fish species.

A dose of 0.05 milligrams malachite green per liter water is generally considered safe when used for three successive treatments (one every other day) but calculating it can be a bit tricky since different bottles contain different concentrations of malachite green. Look for the concentration listed on the bottle of the medication. It will normally be in percent, so you need to convert it into milligrams per milliliter. 1 percent equals 1 gram per 100 milliliters of water. A 0.5% malachite green solution will for instance contain 5 mg/milliliter. The recommended dose written on the bottle is often 1 drop per gallon (in the U.S.), and since 1 milliliter is about 15 drops, such a dose will create a concentration much higher than 0.05 milligrams per liter. This is why many aquarists have such bad experiences from malachite green; if you follow the dose recommended by the manufacturer you will often overdose and harm sensitive species. If you purchase a 0,75% malachite green solution, add no more than 4 drops per 10 gallons of water.

Marine salt treatment

The Ich parasite does no like salt and using aquarium or marine salt is therefore a good way of getting rid of it, provided of course that you keep fish species that can tolerate the increased salinity. The high salinity should be maintained for two weeks to be sure that all parasites are really gone. Bringing the salinity up to 5 ppt (parts per thousand) will kill nearly always kill the parasites, but may be too strong for salt intolerant fish. If you keep catfish or equally sensitive species, bring the salinity no higher than 2 ppt and hope for the best.

Temperature and aeration

The use of malachite green or salt is often combined with an increased water temperature when combating White Spot Disease, sine this speeds up the life cycle of the parasite. If you decide to boost up the temperature you should ideally also provide additional aeration since cool water holds oxygen better than warmer water. The increased water temperature will simultaneously increase the metabolism of your fish, which in turn increases their need for oxygen. Since Ich parasites frequently attached themselves to the gills of fish and destroys them, it is easy to understand that an increased water temperature can be very difficult for the diseased fish to handle. Adding additional aeration and keeping the oxygen levels really high will aid them in their struggle.

source:http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/disease/whitespot.php

Ahad, Mei 03, 2009 | 0 Comments

Common bacterial disease found in dead catfish

Dicatat oleh RaTu KeLi Label: Penyakit Keli

Preliminary test results have found a common bacterial disease in one of the hundreds of dead catfish found along the shores of the Ottawa River, although there's no indication yet that it's the cause of death.

Columnaris, a bacteria that enters fish through gills or the mouth, was found during tests on one of the fish that washed up on the shoreline last week.

Ministry of Natural Resources official Doug Skeggs told CBC News the result is very preliminary but added that it gives investigators something to go on. Growth of the bacteria is increased in warmer water.

Earlier, officials with the Ministry of Natural Resources said a period of warm weather at the end of July and higher than normal concentrations of algae may have contributed to the deaths of the fish.

Ontario's Ministry of Natural Resources said it's now investigating 60 kilometres of shoreline, more than double the area originally thought to be affected.

The area now extends from Chenaux Dam near Portage-du-Fort east to Constance Bay, about 15 kilometres west of Ottawa.

Don't eat fish or swim in river

Crews from Natural Resources headed back to the river on Wednesday to examine more dead catfish and collect live ones for testing.

Officials have repeated earlier warnings to residents of Renfrew County, asking them to avoid swimming in and drinking from the section of the river under investigation.

"There is nothing that we're aware of that is a concern for human health at this point," said Doug Skeggs, a spokesman with the Ministry of Natural Resources.

"Strictly as a precautionary measure, the Renfrew County health unit has advised people, while we don't know what has caused this, to not swim in the water."

Ministry officials have also warned people not to eat fish caught in the river.

Drinking water OK, city says

Meanwhile, Ottawa Public Health officials said samples taken within the city limits last week showed excellent water quality along the river. No city beaches have been closed.

A spokesperson said there is no threat to Ottawa's drinking water, which is treated after it is taken from the river.

Source : http://www.cbc.ca/canada/ottawa/story/2006/08/16/dead-fish-double.html

Jumaat, Mei 01, 2009 | 0 Comments

Hamburger gill disease, catfish - USA

Dicatat oleh RaTu KeLi Label: Penyakit Keli

From: Martin Hugh-Jones mehj@mail.vetmed.lsu.edu
From: Chan Yow Cheong, PhD chanyowcheong@pacific.net.sg
ProMED-mail Regional Moderator for Asia
-->Date: Fri, 10 Dec 1999 From: Marjorie P. Pollack pollackmp@mindspring.comSource: Associated Press 30 Nov 1999 [edited]

Hamburger gill disease, catfish - USA

A Georgia researcher has discovered a common minnow can help protect farm-raised catfish from hamburger gill disease, which costs the industry between $50 million and $100 million a year.

Farm-raised catfish have become the fifth most popular food fish in the United States. The industry supplied only 6 million pounds in 1970, but now produces more than 525 million pounds worth about $592 million each year.

Gary Burtle, an aquaculture specialist at the University of Georgia's Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton, has demonstrated that flathead minnows, a common, inexpensive fish bait, offer protection from the hamburger gill disease.

"From the reports I get, it works, but it's not 100 percent,'' Burtle said. "We haven't totally solved this problem, but we have reduced the severity of the infection.''

Hamburger gill disease can kill an entire pond of catfish in as little as 3 days. It damages the gills, making it tough for the fish to get enough oxygen. They eventually suffocate. It is the fourth most common fatal catfish disease.

During his tests, Burtle discovered an almost invisible worm, about a half-inch long and thin as a human hair, harbors the parasite causing hamburger gill disease.

"If you build a pond, you probably will have these worms,'' he said, noting the worm population seems to be higher in freshly dug ponds, or ponds having been emptied and refilled.

The worm, known as _Dero digitata_, is found all over the world. It is a host for a protozoan releasing spores. The spores get trapped in the catfish's gills, leaving them looking like hamburger meat.

"We tried to find chemicals to combat the parasite, but we decided chemicals that would kill the worms would kill the catfish,'' Burtle said. "We looked for a fish that would be very effective at seeking these worms out in the mud. The carp was best, but it grows large and would compete with the catfish for feed.''

Then he decided to try the flathead minnow, which is in the carp family. The 2 1/2- to 3-inch (8-9cm) minnow is olive drab on top and white on the bottom.

"We place them in beakers with the worms and they eat them in seconds,'' Burtle said.

Fish farmers are already using the minnows in Georgia, South Carolina, Arkansas, Alabama and Florida, Burtle said. He recommends about 10 pounds for each acre of pond.

Burtle said fish farmers could conduct monitoring programs to detect the worms, but they would be considerably more expensive and time consuming.

"We're suggesting they stock the minnows,'' he said. "They take about a month to reduce the population to a non-threatening level.''
-----------
[We have the scientific name of the worm vector but not of the actual parasite that does the damage. Could it be _Trichophyra_? Can anyone help? - Mod.JW]
---------------------------ProMED-maile-mail: promed@usa.healthnet.org

source : http://praise.manoa.hawaii.edu/news/eh73.html

Selasa, April 28, 2009 | 0 Comments

New Vaccines for Aquaculturists

Dicatat oleh RaTu KeLi Label: Penyakit Keli

Like people, fish have their share of diseases and need vaccines to keep them healthy. Agricultural Research Service scientists at Auburn, Alabama, have developed several of these vaccines and are now closing in on one that protects fish from a Streptococcus bacterium.

The agency's Aquatic Animal Health Research Laboratory is developing a new vaccine against Streptococcus iniae, says Phillip H. Klesius, who heads the Auburn unit. "S. iniae is an emerging bacterial pathogen in cultivated tilapia, hybrid striped bass, rainbow trout, yellowtail, eel, and turbot. Worldwide, streptococcal infections are reported in 22 fish species, both cultured and wild," he says.

S. iniae is recognized as one of the most problematic bacterial pathogens in intensively cultured tilapia and hybrid striped bass in the United States. Development of good health management practices and a vaccine to control it is a superior approach to using antibiotics or chemicals, Klesius says.

Klesius, ARS molecular biologist Craig A. Shoemaker, and ARS aquatic pathologist Joyce J. Evans are co-developing the vaccine. This team combines unique expertise in fish disease prevention. Members conduct basic research to understand immunity, transmission, and infection—particularly in hybrid striped bass and tilapia.

"We found the S. iniae bacterium possibly enters the nostrils of the fish from the water," says Evans, who is with the Auburn unit but based at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland. She is researching fish health problems associated with fish kills and aquatic pathogens. "Finding out how bacteria enter and travel through the fish may aid in development of an effective vaccine," she says.

The higher the density of cultured fish, the more easily S. iniae is transmitted and the higher the mortality, says Shoemaker. "Signs of the disease in fish are abnormal behavior such as erratic swimming, whirling motion at the surface of the water, darkening of the skin, blindness, popeyes, and small lesions on the body, fins, and anus."

Antibiotics are currently used to control the streptococcal disease in fish. Surprisingly, the team's research indicates there are certain negative effects on fish health and immunity after antibiotic treatment for S. iniae. This indicates that antibiotic treatment suppresses streptococcal disease signs but doesn't completely eliminate the bacterium from treated fish.

Vaccine to the Rescue

These new findings are important determinants for developing a successful vaccine to fight S. iniae, which causes $150 million a year in losses. The ARS scientists are designing it to provide lifelong protection. In laboratory studies, it has reduced mortality in tilapia and hybrid striped bass by more than 80 percent.

Popular in Asian countries, tilapia is showing up on more U.S. menus. Since 1997, U.S. fresh and frozen tilapia imports have increased 28 percent and U.S. tilapia cultivation is expanding steadily. Hybrid striped bass consumption and production through cultivation are also increasing rapidly because of rising consumer demand for this excellent-tasting fish.

"We are currently developing plans to test the vaccine on a larger scale throughout the United States," Klesius says. "We are testing effectiveness of both injection and the bath immersion immunization that gives fish farmers more flexibility. This vaccine could potentially save producers money worldwide."

The ARS team has filed for a patent on the new vaccine for use in both small and larger sized fish.

More Catfish Disease Protection

Klesius and Shoemaker recently developed the first approved modified live-bacterium fish vaccine, one that protects young channel catfish against enteric septicemia (ESC). A major catfish disease caused by the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri, ESC costs catfish farmers as much as $60 million a year in losses. This new vaccine—made of a live E. ictaluri organism rendered unable to cause disease—prevents infection. ARS has filed for a patent on it. New Vaccines for Aquaculturists

Also called "hole in the head," enteric septicemia is characterized by lesions and holes in the fish's cranium, as well as by a bright-red color at the base of its gills and belly. It accounts for 70 percent of disease losses in catfish but has never been associated with human infection.

"In field studies," Shoemaker says, "the ESC vaccine reduced catfish mortality by 80 percent."

source : http://catfishnews.com/news/vaccine.htm

Ahad, April 26, 2009 | 0 Comments

Poverty alleviation through fish culture:

Dicatat oleh RaTu KeLi Label: Info Keli, Keli Jana Ekonomi, Projek Membasmi Kemiskinan Tegar

Homestead cafish culture in BangladeshFelix Marttin1 and Gertjan de Graaf 21Inland Water Resources andAquaculture Service (FIRI) FAO. Felix.Marttin@fao.org2Nefisco foundation,Lijnbaansgracht 14C, 1015GN AmsterdamThe Netherlands, degraf@nefisco.org http://www.nefisco.org/

Introduction

A large part of the population of Bangladesh is poor. The poorest of these poor find themselves in a vicious circle, because they don’t have collateral to prime income-generating activities. Many attempts have been made to break this circle. The micro credit schemes, operated by several NGOs (non-governmental organizations) are a good example of such attempts. The main idea is to give people access to resources with which they can generate an income, with which they then can acquire more resources to generate more income. Instead of providing money or other means to acquire resources to generate income, another approach to the poverty-problem is to try to find a way to generate income with resources available to these poorest people. In Bangladesh, most poor people can work, have access to land on which their shack is built, what the area (or fields) around it can provide, and water.

An income-generating activity making optimal use of these resources is homestead catfish culture, as was practised locally in the project area of the Compartmentalization Pilot Project (CPP) in the central region of Bangladesh. This practice was taken up by the CPP, and further refined into a homestead fish-culture programme. Requirements for this activity are; food for fish, a small pit, water, and catfish fry.

The fish food can be collected from the surroundings of the homestead (snails, bivalves, termites, ants, slaughter waste, etc.). The pit does not have to be large, 1m2 is enough for 50 fry, so it can be dug by the participants themselves. Catfish fry is widely available in Bangladesh, for reasonable prices (between 10 to 50 Taka [= US$0.2 to US$1] (1US$ is equal to about 50 bangladesh Taka) for 50 pieces). After a rearing period of four months the production will be five to six kg of African catfish, which is equal to approximately 400 Taka (=US$8).

The concept of homestead catfish culture

The basic concept of a homestead catfish culture programme is that the poorest people in an area are introduced to an easy method to culture fish in small holes or pits in the ground on the homestead. The African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is used because this fish is known to take up oxygen from air, has a high growth rate, and is very disease resistant. Experience shows that as soon as people are introduced to this method, they adapt it to the possibilities around their homesteads. During and after successfully raising a first batch of fish, the people on and around the involved homesteads develop initiatives for continuation of the activity, such as contacting local fry traders and trying out different food sources locally available. In the programme, initiatives like these are stimulated and form the core of the success of it.

All training of participants was done on site, at the homestead. Field staff worked with around 50 participants per staff member at a time. The first interaction between participants and field staff was during the identification of participants. To ensure selection of the poorest of the poor, a general review of the participants’ situation was made. To be selected for the programme the potential participants had to comply with few criteria. They had to be (a) landless (people owning less then 0.02 ha of land are considered landless in Bangladesh), (b) their general situation had to be poor/desperate, and (c) their house needed to have mud, bamboo or jute walls.

If potential participants fitted all criteria they were asked about their interest in partaking in the programme, which involved them buying fry for a reduced price (10 Taka, 20 US cents) from the field officer. The price was reduced to facilitate cooperation between the field officers and the participants, so that it was possible to visit the participants at certain intervals, and ask questions about their experiences.

During the sale of the fry, four basic rules for catfish culture, which would provide an easy method to grow the fish, were explained to the participants:

The fish need to be fed every day, preferably until they do not want to eat anymore.
The food can be anything, except grass and plastic. The best food being protein rich food.
As soon as the water in the pit starts smelling bad it needs to be changed.
During the change of water special attention needs to be paid to the sizes of the fish; these need to be in the same range, to prevent cannibalism.

Two to three days after the sale of fry, the involved field officer paid the participant a visit. This proved to be crucial to the success or failure of the participating household; a number of participants not visited within these three days failed to rear their fish successfully. After the first two contacts, the household was visited every three to four weeks, to monitor progress and to answer any questions concerning fish culture in each pit.

Participating households

Two hundred households participated in the homestead catfish culture programme. The average size of these households was around five. Most male household members (84 percent) had an income-earning job with which they earned on average 49 Taka per day. On the other hand, most of the women in the selected households stayed on the homestead (90 percent) and were not earning money. The women who did earn an income brought home less then men, the average daily income for women was 15 Taka. A small number of children (2 percent) generated an income, on average 22 Taka per day per child. Sixty percent of the children went to school, primary school in most cases being the highest education of these children. On the whole the daily income per household was around 60 Taka.

The participating household members had two to three meals per day, mainly consisting of rice and vegetables. Three times per week the vegetables included pulses (dhal), containing high levels of protein. Twice a week the meals were supplemented with fish, once every two weeks with meat, and once a month chicken was added to the meal. Eggs and milk were consumed less then three times per week.

Care

Women took care of most of the pits (80 percent), men (15 percent) and children (5 percent). Care for the fish consisted mainly of collection of fish-food. This food could be collected from around the homestead, because the catfish eats almost anything. Children from nearby assisted caretakers in the collection of food, because of the interaction children had with the fish while feeding. It turned out that feeding was like a fun game to them. The food supply costs can be considered zero, taking into account that mainly women and children (who do not earn any income) collected the food. The supplied food consisted mainly of snails (46 percent), rice (18 percent), wheat bran (9 percent), rice bran (9 percent), bivalves (5 percent), or slaughter waste (5 percent). In other cases termites, earthworms, wheat powder, cow dung, fish, bread and duckweed were used. On average the water in the pit was replaced every 10 to 12 days. The average time spent on the fish was one hour per day. The caretakers themselves took decisions concerning management of the pits and, more importantly, decided what happened with the fish produced.

Twenty households were not able to grow their fish to marketable size (>75g), due to several reasons:

Insufficient guidance by the project staff (not visiting the household within three days after distribution of the fish, not visiting the household every three to four weeks).
Not enough time spent on the management of the pit by the responsible person in the household (less then one hour per day).
Escaping of fish (after flood, or heavy rain).

Over a six-month period 158 new households took up this method of fish farming, without intervention of the regular programme, a diffusion ratio of 158/200 = 0.79.

Season

African catfish will grow when the temperature of water in which they are kept is higher then 200C. Therefore, for the programme to be successful, a minimum water temperature needs to be guaranteed. This can be done by either having a growth season during summer, or to ensure a supply of water with a minimum temperature of 200C. Some of the participants used to replace the water from their pit daily with tube-well water of 210C.

Environmental aspects

In the homestead fishculture programme the African catfish is being used, because of its earlier mentioned features. These features are unique to the African catfish. The main reason for the preference for the African catfish over the local catfish (Clarias batrachus) is its growth rate. The growth rate of the African catfish is much higher then that of its local relative. Some reservations about the use of this exotic species exist, because of the apparent possible dangers of the use of it. It is popularly believed in Bangladesh that the African catfish is a ferocious predator, capable even of eating small goats. The fear exists therefor that the African catfish will wipe out local fish populations. However, during the approximately 20 years the African catfish is being used in South Asia (and 15 years in Bangladesh), no scientific reports are made concerning possible negative impacts the species might have. Also during the implementation of the homestead fish-culture programme in Bangladesh no evidence was found concerning the ferociousness of this fish, on the contrary, it was perceived as a lazy omnivore, eating whatever comes in front of its mouth.

Supply

At present there is a thriving industry in Jessore (southwest Bangladesh) where millions of catfish fry are produced per month. This industry produces for (illegal) export to India, and for the local market. Fry traders all over the country sell the African catfish. Up till now the demand for catfish fry within the project area was low, so the market for these fry traders was of no importance. However, now, with the homestead fish culture programme running, demand is rising and fry traders are moving in to sell their fish. The traders distribute also to homesteads directly, making it possible for women to buy fry at their homesteads.

Sustainability

The sustainability of the programme depends completely on the availability of fry of the species involved. As long as the fry is available the programme has an opportunity to be successful.

Recommendations

The programme used an, for the Indian sub-continent, exotic species. To prevent any problems associated with the use of an exotic species this method should be tried with local species. These species should fulfil the following requirements:

Be able to survive in anoxic water
Be easy to keep, the fish should be able to eat what is available around the homestead
Be fast growing
Fry cheap and available
Species used must be accepted by participants and the market.

To make sure the African catfish does not become an environmental disaster, research has to be done concerning the ferociousness of the species, before a large-scale programme is set up to spread this method regionally and inter-regionally.

Because participants will use the common resources around their homestead, an impact assessment has to be made on the effect of homestead fish culture on the environment surrounding the homestead.

Although it was not an objective, the programme turned out to have a contribution to the improvement of the situation of women. It seems that it can be a useful tool in projects dealing with gender issues.

The described method turned out to be a highly successful way to reach the poorest segment in the project area concerned. The participants turned out to be highly motivated and very innovative. If the potentially negative aspects of the method after proper research show not to be negative this method should be propagated nationally in Bangladesh, and beyond the Bangladeshi borders.

FAO promotes, through their regular aquaculture programme, the integration of aquaculture into rural livelihoods. The described programme is an excellent example of this integration, with as an additional benefit the mobilization of a group of people which is very difficult to reach with ‘normal’ aquaculture programmes. The ‘ownership’, the possibility to make decisions concerning the application of the method, lies completely with the participants of the programme, giving them responsibility, resulting in a successful application of aquaculture by people from the poorest segment of society. All these factors make for a succesfull grass-root programme which could be followed in any rural development programme. Editors.

source : http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/Y2419e/y2419e06.htm

Sabtu, April 25, 2009 | 0 Comments

H5N1 bird flu : Boleh Merebak Jika Ikan Diberi Makan Sebegini

Dicatat oleh RaTu KeLi Label: Info Keli, Penyakit Keli

Gambar ini dipetik dari laman web Dr Martin ketika beliau disalah sebuah negara di Nusantara. Kelihatan ikan keli memakan bangkai sebagai santapan percuma. Pemberian makanan sebegini menurut Dr Martin boleh menyebabkan merebaknya jangkitan H5N1 bird flu.

Sebagai penternak ikan keli yang peka dengan keadaan ini, di sarankan agar perkara seumpama ini dielakkan lebei-lebih lagi jika ianya bukan yang halal.

HALALAN TOYYIBAN..

Jumaat, April 24, 2009 | 0 Comments

KEMPEN Jana Ekonomi Melalui Ikan Keli

Dicatat oleh RaTu KeLi Label: eBook Catfish, Info Keli, Kempen Jana Ekonomi, Projek Membasmi Kemiskinan Tegar

Krisis ekonomi yang melanda dunia memerlukan satu daya usaha yang mudah dan berkesan bagi meningkatkan taraf ekonomi diri dan keluarga bagi setiap warganegara khusunya yang berada dibawah garis kemiskinan. Jawapan yang ada bagi pihak kami di RATUKELI adalah merangsang ekonomi melalui penternakan ikan keli. Penternakan ikan keli merupakan salah satu pendekatan yang agak mudah dan boleh menghasilkan pendapatan yang agak lumayan jika dilakukan dengan secara berilmu dan terdapat bantuan dari segi khidmat nasihat bagi mempastikan kejayaan penternak. Tanpa ilmu, usaha yang suci murni ini bakal menjadi sia-sia kerana walaupun nampak mudah tapi tidaklah semudah yang didengar dan dilihat.

Berdasarkan kepada kesedaran tersebut, Ilmu ternakan ikan keli telah dibukukan melalui ebook Panduan Asas Ternakan Ikan Keli (Siri 1). Moga dengan adanya panduan asas ini dapat membantu warganegara, peminat ikan keli dan bakal penternak ikan keli untuk mendapatkan ilmu asas ternakan ikan keli dan dengan segera dapat mempraktikkannya secara MUDAH dan MURAH.

12 Panduan asas ternakan telah dinobatkan dalam ebook berkenaan dan kemaskini panduan didalamnya akan diberikan secara percuma. Ianya amat sesuai bagi yang baru berjinak-jinak dengan ternakan ikan keli ataupun bagi penternak yang masih tercari-cari kaedah ternakan ikan keli yang termurah dan berkesan. Bagi yang tidak tahu menahu langsung tentang ikan keli, inilah ebook yang diperlukan selama ini bagi memulakan perniagaan ternakan ikan keli anda.

Bagi merealisasikan penyampaian ilmu asas ternakan ikan keli secara lebih meluas kepada warga penternak dan bakal penternak ikan keli Diseluruh Nusantara khasnya dan dunia amnya, maka kami telah merangka satu sistem affiliate terutama kepada warga blogger dan sesiapa yang mempunyai email bagi menyampaikan maklumat berkenaan ebook panduan asas ternakan ikan keli (siri 1) ini kepada semua rakan-rakan diseluruh pentas dunia. Melalui kaedah ini, sebagai galakan, setiap penjualan ebook yang berjaya akan diberikan hadiah/komisyen sebanyak RM10.00 sebagai tanda penghargaan atas bantuan anda mencanangkan dan mendidik masyarakat berkenaan potensi ikan keli bagi menjana ekonomi terutama dimasa Krisis Ekonomi Yang Melanda Dunia Sekarang sama terutama kepada mereka yang berada dibawah garis kemiskinan ataupun kepada sesiapa sahaja.

Bagaimana hendak menyertai kempen ini ??

Ianya mudah...

DAFTAR di www.ebook.ratukeli.com/user
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Moga dengan adanya usaha sebegini melalui penyebaran maklumat dan penyampaian ilmu ternakan ikan keli dapat membuka mata dan minda masyarakat bagi menjana ekonomi melalui usaha dan potensi yang ada pada ternakan ikan keli.

Moga Maju Jaya...

Ternakan Ikan Keli Adalah Satu Perniagaan

Marilah bersama kita MENJANA EKONOMI MELALUI TERNAKAN IKAN KELI

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p.s. bagi yang pernah mendaftar sebelum KEMPEN ini dijalankan, sila daftar semula menggunakan id yang anda telah gunakan sebelum ini. Ini bagi mempastikan komisyen yang anda layak dapat dilakukan pembayaran.