RATU KELI OR CATFISH OR LELE

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Ich! What are those white spots on my fish?

Dicatat oleh RaTu KeLi Label: Penyakit Keli

Ich or Whitespot Disease is perhaps the most common disease encountered by freshwater aquarists everywhere, both beginning and advanced. It is caused by a protozoan parasite with a complex life cycle - in order to understand how to treat it successfully, you will need to understand a few things about this life cycle.

Low levels of Ich usually result in fish that scratch against inanimate objects in the tank, such as gravel and ornaments. Research has shown that fish can develop partial immunity to low levels of pathogens in their water and establish a tentative balance. Scratching itself should not be cause for real alarm, because some fish can live for years in this state if otherwise kept in optimal conditions, but they should be closely observed just in case. Sudden changes in their environment, such as temperature/pH fluctuations, bad water quality, overcrowding, etc. can disrupt this delicate equilibrium and spur on serious outbreaks of disease (these conditions cause stress, which suppresses the fish's natural immunity). Of special note here are tanks that have not completed cycling (only just set up, but which don't have established nitrifying bacteria in the filter yet), tanks that were overstocked almost overnight, and cases of sudden changes in ambient room temperature. These are especially common in the fall and winter, when ambient temperatures can change so fast that the heater's thermostat lags behind and gives your fish "the chills". Note that, in all these scenarios, Ich should be understood as a consequence of poor fishkeeping conditions, and there´s no point in worrying about treating this consequence without first attacking and correcting the cause of the poor conditions in which the fish are living.

An outbreak of serious Ich will look like white grains of salt on the skin of your fish, from 0.3 to 1.0 mm in diameter. Each individual spot is actually an adult parasite known as the Trophont, which has been enveloped in the pus and tissue of the infected fish's skin and slime layer. Heavy infestations can be very dangerous if they reach the gills or cause secondary bacterial infections, so Ich is definitely not a disease to be treated lightly. If allowed to progress to the point where the fish is very ragged in appearance and hanging near the surface, displaying a lot of respiratory distress, it can be fatal.

The white spots, however, only indicate one stage of Ich (the only one that can be seen by the naked eye). After infecting the fish, the adult organism falls off into the gravel and becomes encysted in a free-living dormant stage known as a Tomont. THIS CYST STAGE IS INVULNERABLE TO MEDICATIONS. This is the reason why a raise in temperature is suggested IN CONJUNCTION with Ich treatments...it speeds up the life cycle and makes the stages that are treatable come around faster. If you do raise the temperature, do so very slowly so as not to stress the weak fish further. Raise it no more than 1-2°C every day, and do not allow this temperature to fluctuate. Also, consider the types of fish you are keeping...most tropicals can tolerate as high as 30-31°C, but most Goldfish will start to languish in the high 20's, so don't push them any further.

Depending on the water temperature, the encysted stage will take from several hours to several days to divide into 200-800 larvae, called Theronts. These must find a host fish within a short window of time or die. They usually infest fish when they scratch against the gravel, continuing the cycle of disease. Usually, all 3 stages will be present within the same tank, but the larval Theront stage is the one that medications and treatments really target.

Luckily, there are a number of very effective treatments available on the market. Some of the most popular include:

QuickCure by Aquarium Pharmaceuticals
Coppersafe by Mardel Laboratories
Super Ick Cure by Jungle Labs

If used correctly, most of these meds have a high success rate, but keep in mind that they are strong treatments that will probably kill your plants (if you have planted tanks, remove fish and treat them separately). Also, with malachite green based meds such as QuickCure, be extra careful and halve the dosage for Catfish and Tetras, which are extra sensitive to the ingredients (and can easily die before they are cured). Treat all fish for at least a week, even contrary to the directions on the label, if you want to prevent reoccurrence later. As can be seen from the complex life cycle, Ich is a tenacious disease that is difficult to eradicate.

Some recommend the addition of aquarium salt (NaCl salt, not to be confused with Marine salt, which contains buffers and should not be used on FW fish) at the concentration of 1 tablespoon per 20 liters with this treatment. This low level of salt (not to be confused with true brackishness) will serve to help wounds heal faster by hyperosmalarity, add electrolytes to help decrease osmotic stress, and also discourage the growth of the parasite. However, salt should be used with extreme caution, since not all fish will tolerate its addition. In particular, do not use salt with sensitive soft water Tetras such as Neons, Cardinals and Glow-Lights, scaleless Catfish (which can be easily burned by it if salt is not pre-dissolved) or live plants.

Through all treatments, temperature should be kept as steady as possible (once it is raised to speed the life cycle), and water changes should be done regularly just as they normally would be (keeping the dosage constant by replacing the amount which is lost with each change). Carbon should be removed from the filter to keep it from absorbing the medication.

With good prevention techniques - buying only healthy fish from reputable LFS, quarantine, keeping the water quality high, and sticking to rules of not overstocking - and some luck, you may never see another case of Ich again.

NOTE 1: There are literally hundreds of diseases that can strike down the fish we keep in home aquaria. Just because your fish is sick, does not mean that they necessarily have ich - fish diseases can have protozoan, macroparasitic, fungal, bacterial, viral, genetic, environmental, and other causes, and all are treated differently. Unless your fish is exhibiting the characteristic salt grain spots, there is no reason to jump to the conclusion that Ich is the cause and start treating for it.

NOTE 2: I have seen posts arguing that Malachite Green increases in toxicity to fish as the temperature increases. You may want to reconsider your decision to use Malachite Green if you intend to raise the temperature at the same time, or if you already maintain your temperature at a higher level than normal. For the record, I have not personally experienced this problem.

source: http://www.aquahobby.com/articles/e_ich.php

Selasa, Mei 05, 2009 | 0 Comments

Treating White Spot Disease

Dicatat oleh RaTu KeLi Label: Penyakit Keli

White Spot Disease, also known as Ich or Ick, is a very common problem in aquariums and several different methods of treating it has been developed. In this article, we will take a close look at salt and malachite green. If salt or malachite green is the best available treatment for your particular aquarium depends on several different factors, including which species you keep and how sensitive they are to salt. Salt as well as malachite treatment is often combined with an increased water temperature and added aeration.

Malachite green treatment

Malachite green must be accurately dosed since it is a powerful chemical that will kill you fish if you overdo it. Some species are less tolerant to malachite green than others and it is therefore a good idea to research your species to find out how much malachite green they can handle. Many manufacturers recommend one drop of their product for each gallon of water in the aquarium to treat White Spot Disease, but a lot of producers sell really concentrated malachite green where one drop/gallon will not be safe to use on sensitive fish species.

A dose of 0.05 milligrams malachite green per liter water is generally considered safe when used for three successive treatments (one every other day) but calculating it can be a bit tricky since different bottles contain different concentrations of malachite green. Look for the concentration listed on the bottle of the medication. It will normally be in percent, so you need to convert it into milligrams per milliliter. 1 percent equals 1 gram per 100 milliliters of water. A 0.5% malachite green solution will for instance contain 5 mg/milliliter. The recommended dose written on the bottle is often 1 drop per gallon (in the U.S.), and since 1 milliliter is about 15 drops, such a dose will create a concentration much higher than 0.05 milligrams per liter. This is why many aquarists have such bad experiences from malachite green; if you follow the dose recommended by the manufacturer you will often overdose and harm sensitive species. If you purchase a 0,75% malachite green solution, add no more than 4 drops per 10 gallons of water.

Marine salt treatment

The Ich parasite does no like salt and using aquarium or marine salt is therefore a good way of getting rid of it, provided of course that you keep fish species that can tolerate the increased salinity. The high salinity should be maintained for two weeks to be sure that all parasites are really gone. Bringing the salinity up to 5 ppt (parts per thousand) will kill nearly always kill the parasites, but may be too strong for salt intolerant fish. If you keep catfish or equally sensitive species, bring the salinity no higher than 2 ppt and hope for the best.

Temperature and aeration

The use of malachite green or salt is often combined with an increased water temperature when combating White Spot Disease, sine this speeds up the life cycle of the parasite. If you decide to boost up the temperature you should ideally also provide additional aeration since cool water holds oxygen better than warmer water. The increased water temperature will simultaneously increase the metabolism of your fish, which in turn increases their need for oxygen. Since Ich parasites frequently attached themselves to the gills of fish and destroys them, it is easy to understand that an increased water temperature can be very difficult for the diseased fish to handle. Adding additional aeration and keeping the oxygen levels really high will aid them in their struggle.

source:http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/disease/whitespot.php

Ahad, Mei 03, 2009 | 0 Comments

Common bacterial disease found in dead catfish

Dicatat oleh RaTu KeLi Label: Penyakit Keli

Preliminary test results have found a common bacterial disease in one of the hundreds of dead catfish found along the shores of the Ottawa River, although there's no indication yet that it's the cause of death.

Columnaris, a bacteria that enters fish through gills or the mouth, was found during tests on one of the fish that washed up on the shoreline last week.

Ministry of Natural Resources official Doug Skeggs told CBC News the result is very preliminary but added that it gives investigators something to go on. Growth of the bacteria is increased in warmer water.

Earlier, officials with the Ministry of Natural Resources said a period of warm weather at the end of July and higher than normal concentrations of algae may have contributed to the deaths of the fish.

Ontario's Ministry of Natural Resources said it's now investigating 60 kilometres of shoreline, more than double the area originally thought to be affected.

The area now extends from Chenaux Dam near Portage-du-Fort east to Constance Bay, about 15 kilometres west of Ottawa.

Don't eat fish or swim in river

Crews from Natural Resources headed back to the river on Wednesday to examine more dead catfish and collect live ones for testing.

Officials have repeated earlier warnings to residents of Renfrew County, asking them to avoid swimming in and drinking from the section of the river under investigation.

"There is nothing that we're aware of that is a concern for human health at this point," said Doug Skeggs, a spokesman with the Ministry of Natural Resources.

"Strictly as a precautionary measure, the Renfrew County health unit has advised people, while we don't know what has caused this, to not swim in the water."

Ministry officials have also warned people not to eat fish caught in the river.

Drinking water OK, city says

Meanwhile, Ottawa Public Health officials said samples taken within the city limits last week showed excellent water quality along the river. No city beaches have been closed.

A spokesperson said there is no threat to Ottawa's drinking water, which is treated after it is taken from the river.

Source : http://www.cbc.ca/canada/ottawa/story/2006/08/16/dead-fish-double.html

Jumaat, Mei 01, 2009 | 0 Comments

Hamburger gill disease, catfish - USA

Dicatat oleh RaTu KeLi Label: Penyakit Keli

From: Martin Hugh-Jones mehj@mail.vetmed.lsu.edu
From: Chan Yow Cheong, PhD chanyowcheong@pacific.net.sg
ProMED-mail Regional Moderator for Asia
-->Date: Fri, 10 Dec 1999 From: Marjorie P. Pollack pollackmp@mindspring.comSource: Associated Press 30 Nov 1999 [edited]

Hamburger gill disease, catfish - USA

A Georgia researcher has discovered a common minnow can help protect farm-raised catfish from hamburger gill disease, which costs the industry between $50 million and $100 million a year.

Farm-raised catfish have become the fifth most popular food fish in the United States. The industry supplied only 6 million pounds in 1970, but now produces more than 525 million pounds worth about $592 million each year.

Gary Burtle, an aquaculture specialist at the University of Georgia's Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton, has demonstrated that flathead minnows, a common, inexpensive fish bait, offer protection from the hamburger gill disease.

"From the reports I get, it works, but it's not 100 percent,'' Burtle said. "We haven't totally solved this problem, but we have reduced the severity of the infection.''

Hamburger gill disease can kill an entire pond of catfish in as little as 3 days. It damages the gills, making it tough for the fish to get enough oxygen. They eventually suffocate. It is the fourth most common fatal catfish disease.

During his tests, Burtle discovered an almost invisible worm, about a half-inch long and thin as a human hair, harbors the parasite causing hamburger gill disease.

"If you build a pond, you probably will have these worms,'' he said, noting the worm population seems to be higher in freshly dug ponds, or ponds having been emptied and refilled.

The worm, known as _Dero digitata_, is found all over the world. It is a host for a protozoan releasing spores. The spores get trapped in the catfish's gills, leaving them looking like hamburger meat.

"We tried to find chemicals to combat the parasite, but we decided chemicals that would kill the worms would kill the catfish,'' Burtle said. "We looked for a fish that would be very effective at seeking these worms out in the mud. The carp was best, but it grows large and would compete with the catfish for feed.''

Then he decided to try the flathead minnow, which is in the carp family. The 2 1/2- to 3-inch (8-9cm) minnow is olive drab on top and white on the bottom.

"We place them in beakers with the worms and they eat them in seconds,'' Burtle said.

Fish farmers are already using the minnows in Georgia, South Carolina, Arkansas, Alabama and Florida, Burtle said. He recommends about 10 pounds for each acre of pond.

Burtle said fish farmers could conduct monitoring programs to detect the worms, but they would be considerably more expensive and time consuming.

"We're suggesting they stock the minnows,'' he said. "They take about a month to reduce the population to a non-threatening level.''
-----------
[We have the scientific name of the worm vector but not of the actual parasite that does the damage. Could it be _Trichophyra_? Can anyone help? - Mod.JW]
---------------------------ProMED-maile-mail: promed@usa.healthnet.org

source : http://praise.manoa.hawaii.edu/news/eh73.html

Selasa, April 28, 2009 | 0 Comments

New Vaccines for Aquaculturists

Dicatat oleh RaTu KeLi Label: Penyakit Keli

Like people, fish have their share of diseases and need vaccines to keep them healthy. Agricultural Research Service scientists at Auburn, Alabama, have developed several of these vaccines and are now closing in on one that protects fish from a Streptococcus bacterium.

The agency's Aquatic Animal Health Research Laboratory is developing a new vaccine against Streptococcus iniae, says Phillip H. Klesius, who heads the Auburn unit. "S. iniae is an emerging bacterial pathogen in cultivated tilapia, hybrid striped bass, rainbow trout, yellowtail, eel, and turbot. Worldwide, streptococcal infections are reported in 22 fish species, both cultured and wild," he says.

S. iniae is recognized as one of the most problematic bacterial pathogens in intensively cultured tilapia and hybrid striped bass in the United States. Development of good health management practices and a vaccine to control it is a superior approach to using antibiotics or chemicals, Klesius says.

Klesius, ARS molecular biologist Craig A. Shoemaker, and ARS aquatic pathologist Joyce J. Evans are co-developing the vaccine. This team combines unique expertise in fish disease prevention. Members conduct basic research to understand immunity, transmission, and infection—particularly in hybrid striped bass and tilapia.

"We found the S. iniae bacterium possibly enters the nostrils of the fish from the water," says Evans, who is with the Auburn unit but based at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland. She is researching fish health problems associated with fish kills and aquatic pathogens. "Finding out how bacteria enter and travel through the fish may aid in development of an effective vaccine," she says.

The higher the density of cultured fish, the more easily S. iniae is transmitted and the higher the mortality, says Shoemaker. "Signs of the disease in fish are abnormal behavior such as erratic swimming, whirling motion at the surface of the water, darkening of the skin, blindness, popeyes, and small lesions on the body, fins, and anus."

Antibiotics are currently used to control the streptococcal disease in fish. Surprisingly, the team's research indicates there are certain negative effects on fish health and immunity after antibiotic treatment for S. iniae. This indicates that antibiotic treatment suppresses streptococcal disease signs but doesn't completely eliminate the bacterium from treated fish.

Vaccine to the Rescue

These new findings are important determinants for developing a successful vaccine to fight S. iniae, which causes $150 million a year in losses. The ARS scientists are designing it to provide lifelong protection. In laboratory studies, it has reduced mortality in tilapia and hybrid striped bass by more than 80 percent.

Popular in Asian countries, tilapia is showing up on more U.S. menus. Since 1997, U.S. fresh and frozen tilapia imports have increased 28 percent and U.S. tilapia cultivation is expanding steadily. Hybrid striped bass consumption and production through cultivation are also increasing rapidly because of rising consumer demand for this excellent-tasting fish.

"We are currently developing plans to test the vaccine on a larger scale throughout the United States," Klesius says. "We are testing effectiveness of both injection and the bath immersion immunization that gives fish farmers more flexibility. This vaccine could potentially save producers money worldwide."

The ARS team has filed for a patent on the new vaccine for use in both small and larger sized fish.

More Catfish Disease Protection

Klesius and Shoemaker recently developed the first approved modified live-bacterium fish vaccine, one that protects young channel catfish against enteric septicemia (ESC). A major catfish disease caused by the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri, ESC costs catfish farmers as much as $60 million a year in losses. This new vaccine—made of a live E. ictaluri organism rendered unable to cause disease—prevents infection. ARS has filed for a patent on it. New Vaccines for Aquaculturists

Also called "hole in the head," enteric septicemia is characterized by lesions and holes in the fish's cranium, as well as by a bright-red color at the base of its gills and belly. It accounts for 70 percent of disease losses in catfish but has never been associated with human infection.

"In field studies," Shoemaker says, "the ESC vaccine reduced catfish mortality by 80 percent."

source : http://catfishnews.com/news/vaccine.htm

Ahad, April 26, 2009 | 0 Comments

H5N1 bird flu : Boleh Merebak Jika Ikan Diberi Makan Sebegini

Dicatat oleh RaTu KeLi Label: Info Keli, Penyakit Keli

Gambar ini dipetik dari laman web Dr Martin ketika beliau disalah sebuah negara di Nusantara. Kelihatan ikan keli memakan bangkai sebagai santapan percuma. Pemberian makanan sebegini menurut Dr Martin boleh menyebabkan merebaknya jangkitan H5N1 bird flu.

Sebagai penternak ikan keli yang peka dengan keadaan ini, di sarankan agar perkara seumpama ini dielakkan lebei-lebih lagi jika ianya bukan yang halal.

HALALAN TOYYIBAN..

Jumaat, April 24, 2009 | 0 Comments

Jangkitan Kemerahan Pada Ikan

Dicatat oleh RaTu KeLi Label: Penyakit Keli

Nak kongsi sedikit pengalaman kami apabila berlakunya kemerahan pada ikan akibat jangkitan kuman/bakteria/kulat .

Sejak sekian lama memelihara ikan keli dalam Kolam Simen, telah 2 kali berlaku kejadian yang sama iaitu kemerahan pada sirip ikan, mata cembung, dan kulit ikan menjadi "timbul-timbul macam buih"-sorry tak tahu perkataan yang sebetulnya. Kita suspek perkara ini berlaku kerana staf-staf kita telah masuk ke dalam kolam semasa mereka bengang ikan tidak dapat ditangkap dalam kolam besar dek kerana ada pelawat yang hendak merasa/membeli ikan dalam kolam berkenaan.

Apabila berlaku sedemikian, kami telah mengasingkan semua ikan yang terkena jangkitan dan masukkan ikan tersebut ke dalam Kolam Kuarantin. Di dalam Kolam Kuarantin kami masukkan garam KASAR sebagai penawar kepada ikan.

Alhamdulillah setelah 24 jam dalam kolam Kuarantin semua ikan selamat dan tiada lagi kemerahan pada ikan.

Moga dapat menjadi panduan kepada penternak sekalian. Jika tuan/puan ada info yang hendak dikongsi bersama berkenaan kaedah merawat ikan yang sakit, sila kongsikan dengan pihak kami. tQ Read More..

Khamis, Disember 25, 2008 | 0 Comments

Catfish: Disease

Dicatat oleh RaTu KeLi Label: Info Keli, Penyakit Keli

The "low-intensity" management practices used prior to the 1980's generally resulted in good pond water quality and lower overall stress on fish populations. Lower fish densities also meant less efficient transmission of disease organisms. Over the years, stocking and feeding rates steadily increased and producers adopted a multiple-batch cropping system wherein new populations of fingerlings were stocked into ponds with existing populations of larger fish. These production practices lead to the emergence of infectious diseases as the primary limiting factor in catfish production, and disease outbreaks are not uncommon even on well-run facilities.

About 45 percent of inventory losses on catfish fingerling farms are attributable to infectious diseases. Corresponding survey data for food-sized fish are lacking. Of the overall catfish losses caused by infectious disease, approximately 60 percent are the result of single or mixed bacterial infections, 30 percent result from parasitic infestation, 9 percent from fungal infections, and 1 percent are of viral etiology. Multiple or mixed infections often occur in pond raised channel catfish making treatment decisions difficult.

Economic losses resulting from infectious diseases are difficult to quantify because record keeping varies among farmers and many diseases go unreported. Nevertheless, infectious disease is believed to cost producers many millions of dollars in direct fish losses each year. In addition, infectious diseases influence profitability by increasing treatment costs, reducing food consumption by fish, increasing feed conversion ratios, and causing harvesting delays. Fish-eating birds may also be attracted to ponds with sick and dying fish causing further losses.

There are several disease syndromes for which the etiology remains in question, such as channel catfish anemia (CCA), which has also been referred to as "no blood disease". Another syndrome is visceral toxicosis of catfish (VTC), believed to be caused by a toxin.

Once a disease outbreak occurs, effective health management requires three basic steps: problem identification, diagnosis, and corrective management--all of which must be performed in a timely manner to avoid further losses. Whenever multiple factors contribute to the disease process, it makes the diagnosis more difficult and often complicates corrective management.

source : http://msucares.com/aquaculture/catfish/disease.html

Jumaat, Disember 19, 2008 | 0 Comments

Penyakit Ikan Keli dan Kaedah Rawatan

Dicatat oleh RaTu KeLi Label: Penyakit Keli

Secara umum terdapat dua jenis penyakit yang menyerang ikan keli iaitu dikenali dengan istilah endotern dan eksotern. Penyakit yang menyerang bahagian dalaman tubuh seperti jantung,hati atau usus dikenali dengan istilah endotern. Manakala,penyakit yang menyerang bahagian luar tubuh ikan keli seperti sirip,dikenali sebagai eksotern.

Untuk mengelakkan ikan keli daripada mengalami penyakit yang tersebut diatas,beberapa langkah pencegahan berikut perlu diambil perhatian :

1. Sebelum pemeliharaan,kolam (tanah) perlu dikeringkan dan dikapurkan untuk membunuh kuman pembawa penyakit.

2. Kawasan kolam mesti dijaga,misalnya kualiti air yang baik.

3. Makanan tambahan yang diberikan haruslah sesuai dengan dos yang telah ditetapkan dimana jika berlebihan akan mengganggu kualiti air.

4. Proses pengumpulan dan pengambilan mesti dilakukan dengan baik dan berhati-hati agar ikan tidak mengalamai kecederaan.

5. Binatang-binatang pembawa penyakit seperti burung atau siput haruslah dihalang daripada memasuki kolam penternakan.

6. Asingkan ikan yang berpenyakit daripada kolam agar tidak berlaku jangkitan keatas ikan lain

7. Tidak memasukkan tangan kedalam air takungan ikan (bagi mengelakkan pemindahan kuman dan bahan kimia dimasukkan dalam air) terutama bagi kaedah penternakan dalam PVC/Kanvas/Tangki

Gejala serangan penyakit dan langkah pencegahan:

	Gejala Penyakit	Jenis penyakit	Langkah Pencegahan
1	Pendarahan pada kulit,hati,ginjal dan limpa. Terdapat kudis pada kulit	Bakteria - Psedomonas	Menjaga kualiti air. Jika terjadi,ikan keli direndam dalam larutan oxytetracyclin dengan dos 25-30 mg/kg ikan sehari. Ia dilakukan selama 7-10 hari secara berterusan
2	Warna ikan berubah menjadi gelap,kulit kasar dan terdapat pendarahan.Penafasan ikan terganggu,pergerakan lemah dan pendarahan pada hati,ginjal dan limpa	Bakteria – Aeromanas hydrophiladan	Menjaga kualiti air. Berikan suntikandengan terramycine 25-30 mg/kg ikan, 3 kali sehari. Makanan ikan juga dicampurkan dengan bahan yang sama sebanyak 50 mg/kh ikan sehari selama 7-10 hari. Selain itu, 100 mg/kg ikan sulphanamide digunakan sehari selama 3-4 hari
3	Hilang selera makan. Jangkitan pada kulit kepala,kulit bahagian belakang badan,insang,sirip dan bahagian lain.	Bakteria – Aeromanas punctata	Menjaga kualiti air. Ikan perlu direndam dengan copper sulfat sebanyak 1-200 ppm selama 1-20 minit.Perendaman dengan oxytetracyclin 10 mg/kg berat ikan dilakukan selama 30 minit
4	Pergerakan ikan sangat lemahdan selalu berada dipermukaan air. Terdapat bintik-bintik putih pada kulit,sirip dan insang.Ikan kelikelihatan seing menggosokkan tubuhnya ke dasar kolam atau benda-benda keras	Parasit – Bintik Putih	Ikan keli diletakkan pada air yang mengalir. Jumlah ikan yang ditebarkan perlu dikurangkan. Ia direndam di dalam larutan formalin sebanyak 25 ml/m³ air dan ditambah dengan 0.1 gram/ m³ Oxalate selama 12-24 jam.
5	Ikan keli semakin kurus. Terdapat parasit terlekat pada kulit,sirip dan insang dan bekasnya kelihatan kemerah-merahan	Parasit – Kutu ikan(argulus)	Pencegahan dilakukan dengan menyaring air yang dimasukkan ke dalam kolam. Ikan yang dijangkiti perlu direndam dengan larutan garam/NaCI 20 gram/liter (2%) selama 5 minit
6	Tubuh ikan berubah menjadi gelap. Kadang-kadang matanya bengkak. Terdapat pendarahan pada pangkal sirip bahagian dada. Terdapat juga benjolan pada badan ikan	Parasit – Edward Siella	Menjaga kualiti air. Pencegahan boleh dilakukan pada peringkat awal iaitu dengan menggunakan sulphanamide sebanyak 100-200 mg/kg/hari diberikan sehingga hari keempat secara berterusan. Ikan keli yang dijangkiti perlu dibunuh segera dengan cara dibakar atau ditanam
7	Bintik-bintik putih merah-kemerahan kelihatan pada insang	Parasit – Myxoperansisi (myxobolus sp.)	Kolam dikeringkan dan kapur diletakkan dengan dos 200 gram/ m³ lalu dibiarkan selama 1-2 minggu. Air yang masuk harus disaring melalui penyaring pasir dan kerikil.
8	Ikan keli kelihatan besar tetapi sebenarnya kurus. Kulitnya gelap.Sirip kelihatan luruh daripada ekornya.Ikan keli akan selalu menggosokkan tubuhnya ke dasar kolam atau benda-benda keras.Penutup insangnya juga tidak normal.	Parasit – Cacing kecil pada kulit,sirip dan insang	Pelepasan ikan dikurangkan.Larutan formalin digunakan untuk perendaman sebanyak 250 ml/ m³ air selama 15 minit. Methylene Blue turut digunakan 3 gram/ m³untuk perendaman dalam tempoh 24 jam.
9	Terdapat garisan-garisan seperti benag bewarna putih keperangan pada badan ikan keli. Selalu menyerang pada bahagian kepala,penutup insang,sirip dan bahagian lain.	Parasit- Saprolegiasis	Menjaga kebersihan kolam dan kualiti air. Menjaga ikan keli daripada terluka akibat proses yang dijalankan.Jika dijangkiti ia boleh direndamka didalam Malachite Green Oxalate (MGO) sebanyak 3 gram/ m³ air elama 30 minit

Rujukan : penternakan ikan keli secara intensif,terbitan synergy media books

Selasa, Oktober 21, 2008 | 0 Comments

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Ebook Panduan Asas Ternakan Ikan Keli (Siri 1)

Makluman Terkini !!!

Ich! What are those white spots on my fish?

Treating White Spot Disease

Common bacterial disease found in dead catfish

Hamburger gill disease, catfish - USA

New Vaccines for Aquaculturists

H5N1 bird flu : Boleh Merebak Jika Ikan Diberi Makan Sebegini

Jangkitan Kemerahan Pada Ikan

Catfish: Disease

Penyakit Ikan Keli dan Kaedah Rawatan

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