Ebook Panduan Asas Ternakan Ikan Keli (Siri 1)
Hamburger gill disease, catfish - USA
From: Martin Hugh-Jones mehj@mail.vetmed.lsu.edu
From: Chan Yow Cheong, PhD chanyowcheong@pacific.net.sg
ProMED-mail Regional Moderator for Asia
-->Date: Fri, 10 Dec 1999 From: Marjorie P. Pollack pollackmp@mindspring.comSource: Associated Press 30 Nov 1999 [edited]
Hamburger gill disease, catfish - USA
A Georgia researcher has discovered a common minnow can help protect farm-raised catfish from hamburger gill disease, which costs the industry between $50 million and $100 million a year.
Farm-raised catfish have become the fifth most popular food fish in the United States. The industry supplied only 6 million pounds in 1970, but now produces more than 525 million pounds worth about $592 million each year.
Gary Burtle, an aquaculture specialist at the University of Georgia's Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton, has demonstrated that flathead minnows, a common, inexpensive fish bait, offer protection from the hamburger gill disease.
"From the reports I get, it works, but it's not 100 percent,'' Burtle said. "We haven't totally solved this problem, but we have reduced the severity of the infection.''
Hamburger gill disease can kill an entire pond of catfish in as little as 3 days. It damages the gills, making it tough for the fish to get enough oxygen. They eventually suffocate. It is the fourth most common fatal catfish disease.
During his tests, Burtle discovered an almost invisible worm, about a half-inch long and thin as a human hair, harbors the parasite causing hamburger gill disease.
"If you build a pond, you probably will have these worms,'' he said, noting the worm population seems to be higher in freshly dug ponds, or ponds having been emptied and refilled.
The worm, known as _Dero digitata_, is found all over the world. It is a host for a protozoan releasing spores. The spores get trapped in the catfish's gills, leaving them looking like hamburger meat.
"We tried to find chemicals to combat the parasite, but we decided chemicals that would kill the worms would kill the catfish,'' Burtle said. "We looked for a fish that would be very effective at seeking these worms out in the mud. The carp was best, but it grows large and would compete with the catfish for feed.''
Then he decided to try the flathead minnow, which is in the carp family. The 2 1/2- to 3-inch (8-9cm) minnow is olive drab on top and white on the bottom.
"We place them in beakers with the worms and they eat them in seconds,'' Burtle said.
Fish farmers are already using the minnows in Georgia, South Carolina, Arkansas, Alabama and Florida, Burtle said. He recommends about 10 pounds for each acre of pond.
Burtle said fish farmers could conduct monitoring programs to detect the worms, but they would be considerably more expensive and time consuming.
"We're suggesting they stock the minnows,'' he said. "They take about a month to reduce the population to a non-threatening level.''
-----------
[We have the scientific name of the worm vector but not of the actual parasite that does the damage. Could it be _Trichophyra_? Can anyone help? - Mod.JW]
---------------------------ProMED-maile-mail: promed@usa.healthnet.org
New Vaccines for Aquaculturists
Poverty alleviation through fish culture:
Introduction
A large part of the population of Bangladesh is poor. The poorest of these poor find themselves in a vicious circle, because they don’t have collateral to prime income-generating activities. Many attempts have been made to break this circle. The micro credit schemes, operated by several NGOs (non-governmental organizations) are a good example of such attempts. The main idea is to give people access to resources with which they can generate an income, with which they then can acquire more resources to generate more income. Instead of providing money or other means to acquire resources to generate income, another approach to the poverty-problem is to try to find a way to generate income with resources available to these poorest people. In Bangladesh, most poor people can work, have access to land on which their shack is built, what the area (or fields) around it can provide, and water.
An income-generating activity making optimal use of these resources is homestead catfish culture, as was practised locally in the project area of the Compartmentalization Pilot Project (CPP) in the central region of Bangladesh. This practice was taken up by the CPP, and further refined into a homestead fish-culture programme. Requirements for this activity are; food for fish, a small pit, water, and catfish fry.
The fish food can be collected from the surroundings of the homestead (snails, bivalves, termites, ants, slaughter waste, etc.). The pit does not have to be large, 1m2 is enough for 50 fry, so it can be dug by the participants themselves. Catfish fry is widely available in Bangladesh, for reasonable prices (between 10 to 50 Taka [= US$0.2 to US$1] (1US$ is equal to about 50 bangladesh Taka) for 50 pieces). After a rearing period of four months the production will be five to six kg of African catfish, which is equal to approximately 400 Taka (=US$8).
All training of participants was done on site, at the homestead. Field staff worked with around 50 participants per staff member at a time. The first interaction between participants and field staff was during the identification of participants. To ensure selection of the poorest of the poor, a general review of the participants’ situation was made. To be selected for the programme the potential participants had to comply with few criteria. They had to be (a) landless (people owning less then 0.02 ha of land are considered landless in Bangladesh), (b) their general situation had to be poor/desperate, and (c) their house needed to have mud, bamboo or jute walls.
If potential participants fitted all criteria they were asked about their interest in partaking in the programme, which involved them buying fry for a reduced price (10 Taka, 20 US cents) from the field officer. The price was reduced to facilitate cooperation between the field officers and the participants, so that it was possible to visit the participants at certain intervals, and ask questions about their experiences.
During the sale of the fry, four basic rules for catfish culture, which would provide an easy method to grow the fish, were explained to the participants:
- The fish need to be fed every day, preferably until they do not want to eat anymore.
- The food can be anything, except grass and plastic. The best food being protein rich food.
- As soon as the water in the pit starts smelling bad it needs to be changed.
- During the change of water special attention needs to be paid to the sizes of the fish; these need to be in the same range, to prevent cannibalism.
Two to three days after the sale of fry, the involved field officer paid the participant a visit. This proved to be crucial to the success or failure of the participating household; a number of participants not visited within these three days failed to rear their fish successfully. After the first two contacts, the household was visited every three to four weeks, to monitor progress and to answer any questions concerning fish culture in each pit.
Participating households
Two hundred households participated in the homestead catfish culture programme. The average size of these households was around five. Most male household members (84 percent) had an income-earning job with which they earned on average 49 Taka per day. On the other hand, most of the women in the selected households stayed on the homestead (90 percent) and were not earning money. The women who did earn an income brought home less then men, the average daily income for women was 15 Taka. A small number of children (2 percent) generated an income, on average 22 Taka per day per child. Sixty percent of the children went to school, primary school in most cases being the highest education of these children. On the whole the daily income per household was around 60 Taka.
The participating household members had two to three meals per day, mainly consisting of rice and vegetables. Three times per week the vegetables included pulses (dhal), containing high levels of protein. Twice a week the meals were supplemented with fish, once every two weeks with meat, and once a month chicken was added to the meal. Eggs and milk were consumed less then three times per week.
Care
Women took care of most of the pits (80 percent), men (15 percent) and children (5 percent). Care for the fish consisted mainly of collection of fish-food. This food could be collected from around the homestead, because the catfish eats almost anything. Children from nearby assisted caretakers in the collection of food, because of the interaction children had with the fish while feeding. It turned out that feeding was like a fun game to them. The food supply costs can be considered zero, taking into account that mainly women and children (who do not earn any income) collected the food. The supplied food consisted mainly of snails (46 percent), rice (18 percent), wheat bran (9 percent), rice bran (9 percent), bivalves (5 percent), or slaughter waste (5 percent). In other cases termites, earthworms, wheat powder, cow dung, fish, bread and duckweed were used. On average the water in the pit was replaced every 10 to 12 days. The average time spent on the fish was one hour per day. The caretakers themselves took decisions concerning management of the pits and, more importantly, decided what happened with the fish produced.
Twenty households were not able to grow their fish to marketable size (>75g), due to several reasons:
- Insufficient guidance by the project staff (not visiting the household within three days after distribution of the fish, not visiting the household every three to four weeks).
- Not enough time spent on the management of the pit by the responsible person in the household (less then one hour per day).
- Escaping of fish (after flood, or heavy rain).
Over a six-month period 158 new households took up this method of fish farming, without intervention of the regular programme, a diffusion ratio of 158/200 = 0.79.
Season
African catfish will grow when the temperature of water in which they are kept is higher then 200C. Therefore, for the programme to be successful, a minimum water temperature needs to be guaranteed. This can be done by either having a growth season during summer, or to ensure a supply of water with a minimum temperature of 200C. Some of the participants used to replace the water from their pit daily with tube-well water of 210C.
Environmental aspects
In the homestead fishculture programme the African catfish is being used, because of its earlier mentioned features. These features are unique to the African catfish. The main reason for the preference for the African catfish over the local catfish (Clarias batrachus) is its growth rate. The growth rate of the African catfish is much higher then that of its local relative. Some reservations about the use of this exotic species exist, because of the apparent possible dangers of the use of it. It is popularly believed in Bangladesh that the African catfish is a ferocious predator, capable even of eating small goats. The fear exists therefor that the African catfish will wipe out local fish populations. However, during the approximately 20 years the African catfish is being used in South Asia (and 15 years in Bangladesh), no scientific reports are made concerning possible negative impacts the species might have. Also during the implementation of the homestead fish-culture programme in Bangladesh no evidence was found concerning the ferociousness of this fish, on the contrary, it was perceived as a lazy omnivore, eating whatever comes in front of its mouth.
Supply
At present there is a thriving industry in Jessore (southwest Bangladesh) where millions of catfish fry are produced per month. This industry produces for (illegal) export to India, and for the local market. Fry traders all over the country sell the African catfish. Up till now the demand for catfish fry within the project area was low, so the market for these fry traders was of no importance. However, now, with the homestead fish culture programme running, demand is rising and fry traders are moving in to sell their fish. The traders distribute also to homesteads directly, making it possible for women to buy fry at their homesteads.
Sustainability
The sustainability of the programme depends completely on the availability of fry of the species involved. As long as the fry is available the programme has an opportunity to be successful.
Recommendations
The programme used an, for the Indian sub-continent, exotic species. To prevent any problems associated with the use of an exotic species this method should be tried with local species. These species should fulfil the following requirements:
- Be able to survive in anoxic water
- Be easy to keep, the fish should be able to eat what is available around the homestead
- Be fast growing
- Fry cheap and available
- Species used must be accepted by participants and the market.
To make sure the African catfish does not become an environmental disaster, research has to be done concerning the ferociousness of the species, before a large-scale programme is set up to spread this method regionally and inter-regionally.
Because participants will use the common resources around their homestead, an impact assessment has to be made on the effect of homestead fish culture on the environment surrounding the homestead.
Although it was not an objective, the programme turned out to have a contribution to the improvement of the situation of women. It seems that it can be a useful tool in projects dealing with gender issues.
The described method turned out to be a highly successful way to reach the poorest segment in the project area concerned. The participants turned out to be highly motivated and very innovative. If the potentially negative aspects of the method after proper research show not to be negative this method should be propagated nationally in Bangladesh, and beyond the Bangladeshi borders.
FAO promotes, through their regular aquaculture programme, the integration of aquaculture into rural livelihoods. The described programme is an excellent example of this integration, with as an additional benefit the mobilization of a group of people which is very difficult to reach with ‘normal’ aquaculture programmes. The ‘ownership’, the possibility to make decisions concerning the application of the method, lies completely with the participants of the programme, giving them responsibility, resulting in a successful application of aquaculture by people from the poorest segment of society. All these factors make for a succesfull grass-root programme which could be followed in any rural development programme. Editors.
H5N1 bird flu : Boleh Merebak Jika Ikan Diberi Makan Sebegini
Read More..
KEMPEN Jana Ekonomi Melalui Ikan Keli
Ianya mudah...
- Kemudian LOG-IN
- Dapatkan Link Alamat Web Anda
- Pilih Banner yang disediakan dan letakkan ke blog anda dan/atau
- Jika anda mempunyai email, letakkan link tersebut di email anda.
Moga dengan adanya usaha sebegini melalui penyebaran maklumat dan penyampaian ilmu ternakan ikan keli dapat membuka mata dan minda masyarakat bagi menjana ekonomi melalui usaha dan potensi yang ada pada ternakan ikan keli.
Moga Maju Jaya...
Ternakan Ikan Keli Adalah Satu Perniagaan
Marilah bersama kita MENJANA EKONOMI MELALUI TERNAKAN IKAN KELI
p.s. bagi yang pernah mendaftar sebelum KEMPEN ini dijalankan, sila daftar semula menggunakan id yang anda telah gunakan sebelum ini. Ini bagi mempastikan komisyen yang anda layak dapat dilakukan pembayaran. 
BEYOND SUBSISTENCE:Catfish farming is a lucrative business
After laying down his rifle and becoming a farmer six years ago, Omar Tacuken, a Moro National
Liberation Front (MNLF) Commander and the Chairman of Sebastian Irrigators Farmers Association (SIFA) in Carmen, North Cotabato Province could be found, on most days, driving a
tractor loaded with rice to the local mill. Now, a new activity has been added to his daily routinefeeding catfish. SIFA’s 43 members have stocked 2,700 square meters of ponds with catfish, and are regularly tending the ponds, and harvesting their product.
Further down the road in Barangay Kibines, MNLF Comdr. Tamson Antolin and 21 other members of the Sitio Bulakan Multi-Purpose Cooperative are doing the same in an 800 square meter pond stocked with 5,000 catfish fingerlings. They are two of the 13 cooperative groups (with a total membership of about 350) in North Cotabato, Maguindanao and Sultan Kudarat
Provinces in Central Mindanao, which have been trained by USAID’s Growth with Equity in
Mindanao (GEM) Program in catfish production technologies.
Since November 2002, GEM has assisted over 3,000 rebels turned farmers to diversify into
higher-value commodities, such as catfish, and move beyond subsistence farming. In April 2003,
GEM’s Targeted Commodity Expansion Program (TCEP) conducted a series of catfish production technology workshops to teach former combatants how to design, construct and prepare their ponds and to culture catfish.
Kursus Asas Penternakan Ikan Keli Sesi-21
Air Yang Berlendir...???
Wajah baru Laman Utama RATUKELI.COM
Sekarang alamat web RatuKeli Mempunyai Laman Utama @ frontpage yang baru.....
Apabila anda melayari http://www.ratukeli.com/ anda akan ke laman utama atau frontpage ratukeli yang baru tersebut....
Laman BLOG sedia ada masih dikekalkan bagi interaksi semasa dan UPDATING berkenaan informasi semasa ternakan ikan keli, penemuan terbaru, teknologi dan khidmat nasihat berkaitan ternakan ikan keli dan aktiviti semasa ratukeli....
Bagi melayai laman blog anda boleh klik BLOG dilaman utama ratukeli.com atau terus ke alamat blog seperti berikut http://www.blog.ratukeli.com/
Moga dengan adanya laman utama ratukeli.com akan memudahkan penyampaian maklumat berkenaan ternakan ikan keli, khidmat syarikat kepada penternak, urusan jual beli barangan keperluan kolam dan aktiviti semasa...
EBook Panduan Asas Ternakan Ikan Keli (Siri 1)
Kursus Asas Penternakan Ikan Keli Sesi-20
Lawatan Ke Kolam Ternakan
Semasa Sesi Praktikal Ujian AirPenyampaian Sijil Penyertaan
Air Oh Air....
Ternakan Ikan keli lebih kepada penjagaan kualiti air untuk ternakan disamping teknik pemberian makanan kepada ikan.
Seperti yang disarankan dalam kursus asas ternakan, AIR HIJAU adalah merupakan kewajiban bagi ternakan ikan keli. Kenapa? Ini kerana dengan adanya air hijau ikan keli akan lebih cepat membesar, kurang mempunyai masalah air berbau hanyir dan mempunyai kadar oksigen yang lebih sesuai untuk ternakan ikan keli.
Jika air ternakan anda masih PUTIH atau PINK atau COKLAT, sila pastikan air ternakan anda dengan segeranya di tukar kepada AIR HIJAU...sama ada sebelum melepaskan anak ikan atau setelah memeliharanya sekian lama...
Read More..
