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Bertani menjanjikan pendapatan lumayan

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source : Utusan Malaysia Online (27/10/2008)

KOTA SAMARAHAN 26 Okt. - Golongan belia di Sarawak disaran supaya membabitkan diri dalam bidang pertanian yang bakal menjanjikan pendapatan lumayan kepada mereka.

Menteri Muda di Pejabat Ketua Menteri (Pembangunan Usahawan Bumiputera), Mohd. Naroden Majais (gambar) berkata, kecenderungan belia untuk berhijrah ke bandar bagi mencari peluang pekerjaan membuatkan bidang pertanian ini masih dipelopori golongan yang sudah berumur.

Beliau berkata, golongan belia seharusnya sedar bahawa bidang pertanian juga menjanjikan pendapatan lumayan sekiranya diusahakan secara serius berikutan krisis ekonomi dunia yang menyebabkan kenaikan harga makanan.

Katanya, perkembangan ekonomi semasa pada masa ini membuka banyak peluang kepada golongan belia untuk menceburi bidang pertanian berikutan pengeluaran makanan utama seperti beras semakin berkurangan.

''Pada masa yang sama, permintaan terhadap produk pertanian seperti beras ini tidak pernah berkurangan dan ia bakal menjamin masa depan kepada petani," katanya di sini.

Beliau berkata demikian pada penutupan seminar peluang niaga tani peringkat Bahagian Samarahan di Dewan Suarah di sini.

Seramai 178 peserta menghadiri seminar sehari itu yang dianjurkan Pejabat Belia dan Sukan Bahagian Samarahan.

Naroden yang juga Menteri Muda Perancangan dan Pengurusan Sumber Sarawak berkata, selain pertanian, golongan belia juga boleh membabitkan diri dalam bidang penternakan ikan keli secara komersial.

Menurutnya, ikan keli matang dalam masa tiga bulan dan ia boleh dijadikan pelbagai produk seperti ikan sardin dan minyak Omega 3 yang terdapat dalam badan ikan keli boleh dijadikan ubat untuk melawan penyakit.

''Kejayaan menternak ikan keli secara komersial juga telah dibuktikan secara komersial oleh usahawan bumiputera tempatan," katanya.

Naroden berkata, golongan belia yang berminat untuk bertani boleh mendapatkan pelbagai bantuan daripada kerajaan seperti Tabung Ekonomi Kumpulan Usaha Niaga (TEKUN) yang menyediakan pinjaman sehingga RM50,000 tanpa cagaran bagi membolehkan usahawan bumiputera memulakan perniagaan.

Beliau berkata, selain itu, bagi belia yang berminat menjadi usahawan boleh menghubungi Majlis Pembangunan Usahawan Bumiputera bagi membincangkan peluang perniagaan yang boleh diceburi.

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The Fisheries Department will implement four projects in Sarawak in the near future under the National Food Safety Policy.

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ENHANCING FISH AND AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY: Junaidi (second right) chairs the MPI meeting. Hazizi is on right while Azlisha on second left.

The projects identified by the department are: Rehabilitation of Idle Fish Ponds, Creation of Aquaculture Industry and Hatchery Zones, Green Earth, and Giving out Incentives.

This was disclosed by the director-general Datuk Junaidi Che Ayub when he chaired a meeting of the Industrial Dialogue Council (Majlis Perundingan Industry - MPI) here yesterday.

The meeting was also attended by the department's director of Bio Security, Diagnostic and Quality Control Division, Ahmad Hazizi Aziz; state Marine Fisheries director, Azlisha Abdul Aziz; officers of related government departments; fishermen and industry players.

Using the projects under the Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry, the government will help rehabilitate idle fish ponds by giving money, equipment, fish fry, and feeds to the owners.

Aquaculture and hatchery zones will be created to increase production and fish fry.

Under the Green Earth project, rearing of catfish (ikan keli) in semi-urban and rural areas will be accorded greater priority, and those doing it will be given plastic or canvas tanks, fry, feeds and equipment.

The government will also give cash incentives to productive rearers based on the tonnage of fish or prawns harvested.

On export of fish and fish-products, particularly to countries in Europe, Junaidi said it was very important for Malaysian rearers, exporters and competent authorities to comply fully with European Union (EU) requirements in all aspects of rearing, safety, traceability and hygiene in order to avoid rejection of consignment which would cause major losses to all parties.

"All parties including middlemen should keep proper records. We must be prepared for the implementation of food traceability system worldwide one day," said Junaidi.

He expressed sadness as regards to recent audit findings by the Health Department that no fish factory in Sarawak could meet EU standard.

He also advised fishermen and owners of fish ponds to improve their Hygiene On Board (HOB) criteria and practices in respect of design, layout, personal hygiene, hygienic ice-cubes and clean water sources to meet stringent requirements by EU countries.

"The department will conduct HOB checks on vessels and aquaculture farms in Sarawak soon," he said.

Junaidi also disclosed that recently Australia gave consent to the department to issue Certificate of Hygiene for fish and fish-products and prawns and prawn-products, effective next month.

On export to the USA, Junaidi disclosed that recently the USFDA Seafood HACCP Inspection Mission audited six companies in Malaysia.

From Korea the department has also received a request to audit fish-processing companies in the country, including seafood company premises.

This, said Junaidi, augured well for the development of the fish export sector.

He cautioned that their high standard must be met first.

--BorneoPost (2008-07-11)

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Penduduk sekitar Sri Aman digalak ternak ikan keli

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source : http://www.utusan.com.my (Sabah & Sarawak)

SIMOI Peri menyampaikan sijil tamat kursus kepada salah seorang peserta (kiri) Kursus Keusahawanan dan Pengendalian Lepas Tuai Ikan Keli di Sri Aman, semalam.


SRI AMAN 17 Dis. - Penduduk tempatan di sekitar bahagian Sri Aman terutamanya di Lingga digalakkan untuk menceburi bidang penternakan ikan keli yang semakin mendapat permintaan di pasaran.

Ahli Dewan Undangan Negeri (DUN) Lingga, Simoi Peri berkata, penglibatan dalam bidang tersebut secara tidak langsung menggalakkan penduduk di kawasan ini terbabit dalam bidang keusahawanan yang memberi peluang kepada masing-masing untuk meningkatkan pendapatan.

Menurutnya, penglibatan penduduk khususnya kaum bumiputera dalam bidang penternakan ikan keli juga dilihat sebagai langkah awal dalam melibatkan diri dengan dunia perniagaan yang boleh dikembangkan sehingga ke peringkat antarabangsa.

''Penduduk tidak perlu risau dengan pasaran ikan keli ini kerana Lembaga Pemasaran Pertanian Persekutuan (FAMA) boleh membantu untuk memasarkan hasil-hasil ternak tersebut di seluruh negeri ini.

''Malah, projek penternakan ikan keli ini tidak melibatkan kos pengendalian yang tinggi, maka adalah bagi penduduk di kawasan luar bandar untuk menceburi bidang terbabit," katanya.

Beliau berucap merasmikan Majlis Penutupan Kursus Keusahawanan dan Pengendalian Lepas Tuai Ikan Keli di sebuah restoran tempatan di bandar Sri Aman di sini semalam.

Simoi berkata, beliau yakin penduduk di kawasan Sri Aman mampu melangkah lebih jauh dalam bidang penternakan ikan keli memandangkan belum terdapat mana-mana pihak yang menceburi bidang terbabit secara serius di daerah berkenaan.

Katanya, para penduduk perlu sedar bahawa ikan keli mempunyai pasaran luas malah menjadi hidangan makanan kegemaran orang ramai di restoran-restoran di bandar utama di Sarawak.

Sehubungan itu tambahnya, beliau meminta pengerusi Jawatankuasa Keselamatan dan Kemajuan Kampung (JKKK) dan ketua kaum di daerah ini mengenalpasti para penduduk yang berminat untuk menceburi penternakan ikan keli itu.

''Orang ramai juga boleh mendapatkan maklumat lanjut daripada pihak bertanggungjawab khususnya Jabatan Pertanian sekiranya berminat untuk memulakan bidang ini," ujarnya.

Dalam pada itu, seramai 42 peserta telah menamatkan kursus anjuran Unit Pembangunan Usahawan Bumiputera, Jabatan Ketua Menteri dengan kerjasama Majlis Pembangunan Usahawan Bumiputera Bahagian Sri Aman dan FAMA.

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Salam Ma'al Hijrah 1430H & Selamat Tahun Baru 2009

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Penghujung 2008, agak istimewa kerana Ma'al Hijrah 1430H Dan Sambutan Tahun baru Masihi 2009 hampir sama masa dan detiknya.

Dipengakhir Tahun Hijrah 1429H (28 Disember 2008) ini marilah kita bersama memohon kepada Allah agar di ampunkan segala dosa dan kesilapan kita sama ada yang kita sedari mahupun yang kita tidak sedari sepanjang tahun kehidupan kita. Dan setelah menjelang Tahun Baru Hijrah 1430H (selepas Maghrib) Marilah kita mohon kepada Allah agar memudahkan segala urusan kita disepanjang tahun, dipimpin kita agar termasuk dalam golongan yang beriman dan beramal soleh, dimurahkan rezeki yang HALAL dan Barakah, serta jika kita ditakdirkan meninggal dunia, moga Allah tempatkan kita dalam golongan yang diredhainya.

Selamat Menyambut Ma'al Hijrah 1430H dan Tahun Baru Masihi 2009 kepada semua pembaca laman web/blog www.ratukeli.com Moga semua usaha kita dalam meningkatkan ekonomi diri dan keluarga menerusi penternakan ikan keli dan usaha dalam bidang AGRO menghasilkan hasil yang lumayan dan barakah di Tahun Baru ini dan Tahun Seterusnya...

Semoga Kita Semua Beroleh Kejayaan Yang Gemilang.

"Selamat Menyambut Tahun Baru"


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Buat Sendiri Kolam Kanvas Lebih MURAH

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Kolam Kanvas merupakan antara inovasi penternakan ikan keli yang telah dipelopori dan di inovasikan melalui R&D di Semenanjung Malaysia. Walaupun secara fizikal, kolam kanvas nampak rapuh dan mudah bocor (jika terkena benda tajam atau disebabkan oleh sistem pengairan keluar yang tidak kemas), namun ianya merupakan antara kolam yang agak murah yang boleh dipertimbangkan oleh para penternak.

BAGAIMANA Kolam Kanvas boleh didapati dengan MURAH?

Sebenarnya, para penternak boleh menginovasi dan mengupah pembuatan kolam kanvas dengan pergi sendiri di kedai-kedai membaiki sofa dan meminta mereka membuat kolam kanvas dengan panjang x lebar x tinggi mengikut kehendak penternak. Melalui kaedah ini, para penternak boleh jimat lebih jauh berbanding membeli yang telah siap sedia digunakan. Bayangkan, jika para penternak boleh jimat dalam pembuatan kolam sendiri dan berapa margin untung diperoleh disebabkan oleh kos tetap "kolam" dapat dikurangkan?

Berdasarkan temubual dengan para penternak yang telah menggunakan kaedah membuat sendiri kolam kanvas (melalui upah kepada pekedai sofa), bagi kolam yang berukuran 10 kaki panjang x 4 kaki lebar x 4 kaki tinggi, kos bagi kanvas tidak lebih daripada RM300.00 Bagi rangka untuk mendirikan kolam kanvas, para penternak boleh menggunakan kayu hutan/kayu bulat/apa-apa benda yang dapat menjadi rangka kepada kolam kanvas. Yang penting adalah, kolam kanvas anda dapat berdiri dan dapat menakung air.

Bagi aliran keluar air pula, para penternak boleh buat sendiri dengan membeli "Stop Ball". Namun begitu, perlu hati-hati kerana jika tersalah pasang, kemungkinan besar kebocoran boleh berlaku.

Yang paling mustahak dalam menternak ikan keli adalah, ada air bertakung untuk ikan keli hidup dan membesar dan yang tidak kurang penting adalah KOS Pembangunan KOLAM yang murah. Melalui kaedah mengupah/membuat di kedai membaiki sofa, KOS bagi membuat Kolam Kanvas dapat dikurangkan dengan banyak.

Selamat berjaya.

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Jangkitan Kemerahan Pada Ikan

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Nak kongsi sedikit pengalaman kami apabila berlakunya kemerahan pada ikan akibat jangkitan kuman/bakteria/kulat .

Sejak sekian lama memelihara ikan keli dalam Kolam Simen, telah 2 kali berlaku kejadian yang sama iaitu kemerahan pada sirip ikan, mata cembung, dan kulit ikan menjadi "timbul-timbul macam buih"-sorry tak tahu perkataan yang sebetulnya. Kita suspek perkara ini berlaku kerana staf-staf kita telah masuk ke dalam kolam semasa mereka bengang ikan tidak dapat ditangkap dalam kolam besar dek kerana ada pelawat yang hendak merasa/membeli ikan dalam kolam berkenaan.

Apabila berlaku sedemikian, kami telah mengasingkan semua ikan yang terkena jangkitan dan masukkan ikan tersebut ke dalam Kolam Kuarantin. Di dalam Kolam Kuarantin kami masukkan garam KASAR sebagai penawar kepada ikan.

Alhamdulillah setelah 24 jam dalam kolam Kuarantin semua ikan selamat dan tiada lagi kemerahan pada ikan.

Moga dapat menjadi panduan kepada penternak sekalian. Jika tuan/puan ada info yang hendak dikongsi bersama berkenaan kaedah merawat ikan yang sakit, sila kongsikan dengan pihak kami. tQ Read More..

Kursus Asas Penternakan Ikan Keli Sesi 10/2008 dan Sesi 11/2008

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Kursus terakhir bagi tahun 2008 telah diadakan di dua tempat berasingan pada 20 Disember 2008. Ainul Agro Based melangkah jauh dari Kuching dan memulakan Sesi 10/2008 diluar Kuching iaitu di Bahagian Bintulu,Sarawak diadakan di Regent Hotel Bintulu melalui anjuran bersama Ainul Agro Based dengan Full Link Trading Company (Bintulu). Bagi kursus sesi 11/2008 pula diadakan di Pusat Ternakan Ainul Agro Based di Kampung Semerah Padi, Kuching.
Terima Kasih dan Syabas diucapkan kepada semua peserta..
Menjelang tahun 2009, Sesi Kursus yang ke-12 akan diadakan di Kuching pada 03 Januari 2008. Bahan kursus telah dikemaskini dan dipertingkatkan dengan informasi dan teknologi penternakan yang membantu dalam penternakan secara lebih ekonomik dan menghasilkan output yang meningkatkan hasil ternakan. Jumpa semasa Kursus Asas Ternakan di Tahun 2009.
Sesi 10/2008 (Bintulu), Regent Hotel





Sesi 11/2008 (Kuching) , Aqua Academy





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Catfish: Marketing

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Market channels have been developed that are capable of handling the larger volumes of production of a mature industry. For most catfish producers, the most readily accessible market outlet is to sell directly to a processor. This is an outlet through which a producer can market a very large volume of fish. It is also a market that is available on a year-round basis.

The number of catfish processing facilities has varied over time as processing plants have been built, closed, restarted, and sold. Since a peak of catfish processing companies in 1990, the number of processors has fluctuated between 25 and 28 processors. There are four multi-plant processors with capacities greater than 50 million pounds/year, 12 with capacities between 10 to 50 million pounds/year, and three companies with 5 million pounds/year. These, combined with the very small facilities, comprised a total processing capacity of 676 million pounds of liveweight catfish in 2000.

As catfish farming continues to expand within and outside the traditional four-state region (Mississippi, Arkansas, Alabama, and Louisiana), additional processing companies are likely to enter the industry. However, it has been difficult to sustain operations without a guaranteed supply of fish, particularly in new or expanding catfish production areas. Some plants pay premium fish prices and transport fish long distances to keep plants working at full capacity. Competition for fish from traditional production areas from plants in non-traditional areas is expected to increase, at least until sufficient local production can be developed to supply new plants.

Processors generally deal with many wholesale or retail customers, and they thus have a market for different sized fish. For this reason, processors will generally allow more latitude in the size distribution of fish than may be permissible through some other market outlets. A final advantage of selling to a processor is that the processor bears the majority of the liability for any problems related to product safety or quality.

Of course, selling to a processor is not without its disadvantages. The primary disadvantage is that the producer is a price taker. That is, the producer has very little ability to try to negotiate a higher price with the processor. This situation is common to most producers of agricultural commodities. It is also worth noting that a producer is not guaranteed to be able to sell to a processor at any given time. Processors do generally handle a large volume of fish, but from time to time, even large processors may not need to make additional purchases.

Given the weak bargaining position, it is to the producer's advantage to have as much information about regional processors' operational characteristics. Key information would include:
historical prices paid for fish from the plant as compared to other plants;
dockage rates (poundage or percentage deducted from the total delivery amount) for non-target fish, out-of-size fish, or other reasons;
required stock purchases and/or billbacks;
transportation charges;
payment frequency to growers and typical length of time between the time of delivery of fish and receipt of payment;
seasonality issues;
delivery volume requirements;
fish size requirements;
quality standards and checks;
delivery quotas and scheduling patterns;
availability of contracts and requirements; and
state bonding requirements.

Direct Sales

The primary alternative to selling to processors is to market directly to a customer further down the marketing chain. Producers may try to establish direct sales outlets with wholesalers, retailers (e.g., local grocers or restaurants), or final consumers. The primary advantage of direct selling is that it is potentially a high-margin activity. In direct selling, the producer captures all or a large portion of the marketing margin. But direct selling is not necessarily easy. It may be difficult for an individual producer to establish business relationships with wholesalers, grocers, or restaurants. Moreover, these direct sales outlets may have very strict requirements for their suppliers.

Another issue to consider is that direct sales to local grocery stores and restaurants will probably require on-site processing unless restaurant personnel clean the fish. The ability to process fish on-site will likely require the producer to have a functioning Hazard Analysis, Critical Control Points (HACCP) plan in place. In direct selling, the producer assumes a great deal more liability for product safety or quality problems than in selling to a processor. The major problem with direct sales to consumers is that this is typically a very low volume market outlet.

Consumer Demand and Preference

The per capita consumption of all fish and seafood in the United States hit a new high in 2003 at 16.3 pounds, up from 15.6 pounds in 2002. U.S. farm-raised catfish was the fifth most consumed fish item at 1.137 pounds per capita, up from only 0.41 pounds per capita in 1985. In a recent survey of U.S. farm-raised catfish consumers, respondents stated that their reasons for eating catfish include:

enjoyment of flavor (68% of consumers),
health and nutrition (31%),
and addition of variety to their diet (22%).

The main reasons for not consuming catfish more often were:

price (22%),
lack of fresh product availability (16%),
lack of preparation knowledge (14%), and
too time consuming to prepare (13%).

Survey respondents that were located in "non-traditional" catfish consumption regions of the U.S. stated that they would eat more catfish if a good product was continuously available and secondly, if a variety of ready-to-eat products were widely available.

An important aspect of consumer preference relates to product form. Processors have responded to consumer preference by producing 60 to 70 percent fillets, 10 to 15 percent whole-dressed fish, 10 to 15 percent nuggets, and 10 to 15 percent value-added breaded, marinated, or strip/finger products.

Frozen fillet products have had the greatest increase both in volume and in sales. Processors sell approximately 50 percent of frozen product to distributors, 30 percent to national restaurant chains, and 20 percent to direct end users. Frozen products consist mainly of fillets, strips (from the whole fillet), or nuggets. Approximately 80 percent of fresh catfish products go to retail grocery stores or supermarket chains and the remainder to chain restaurants. Fresh catfish sold to retail groceries are usually in whole dressed, fillet, or nugget form. This preference for frozen over fresh fillets will likely continue, while fresh whole-dressed fish will continue to be favored over frozen whole-dressed fish.

source : http://msucares.com/aquaculture/catfish/marketing.html
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Catfish: Disease

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The "low-intensity" management practices used prior to the 1980's generally resulted in good pond water quality and lower overall stress on fish populations. Lower fish densities also meant less efficient transmission of disease organisms. Over the years, stocking and feeding rates steadily increased and producers adopted a multiple-batch cropping system wherein new populations of fingerlings were stocked into ponds with existing populations of larger fish. These production practices lead to the emergence of infectious diseases as the primary limiting factor in catfish production, and disease outbreaks are not uncommon even on well-run facilities.

About 45 percent of inventory losses on catfish fingerling farms are attributable to infectious diseases. Corresponding survey data for food-sized fish are lacking. Of the overall catfish losses caused by infectious disease, approximately 60 percent are the result of single or mixed bacterial infections, 30 percent result from parasitic infestation, 9 percent from fungal infections, and 1 percent are of viral etiology. Multiple or mixed infections often occur in pond raised channel catfish making treatment decisions difficult.

Economic losses resulting from infectious diseases are difficult to quantify because record keeping varies among farmers and many diseases go unreported. Nevertheless, infectious disease is believed to cost producers many millions of dollars in direct fish losses each year. In addition, infectious diseases influence profitability by increasing treatment costs, reducing food consumption by fish, increasing feed conversion ratios, and causing harvesting delays. Fish-eating birds may also be attracted to ponds with sick and dying fish causing further losses.

There are several disease syndromes for which the etiology remains in question, such as channel catfish anemia (CCA), which has also been referred to as "no blood disease". Another syndrome is visceral toxicosis of catfish (VTC), believed to be caused by a toxin.

Once a disease outbreak occurs, effective health management requires three basic steps: problem identification, diagnosis, and corrective management--all of which must be performed in a timely manner to avoid further losses. Whenever multiple factors contribute to the disease process, it makes the diagnosis more difficult and often complicates corrective management.
source : http://msucares.com/aquaculture/catfish/disease.html
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Catfish: Feeds and Feeding

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Nutrient requirements and feeding characteristics of channel catfish have been extensively researched. This research has provided the basis for the formulation of efficient, economical diets and for the development of feeding strategies - both of which have been instrumental in the success of the catfish industry.

Nutrition

Catfish farmers are able to feed a nutritionally complete diet that provides required levels of nutrients and energy in a readily digestible form. It is essential to provide a complete diet because catfish can synthesize only a small portion of the required nutrients and the quantity of nutrients from natural food organisms in the pond is relatively small. Forty nutrients have been identified as necessary for the normal metabolic function of channel catfish.

Based on current knowledge, a digestible energy to crude protein (DE/P) ratio of 8.5-10 kcal/gram is adequate for use in commercial catfish feeds. Ratios above this range may lead to increased fat deposition and if the energy ratio is too low, the fish will grow slowly.

Catfish feeds contain grain or grain by-products that are rich in starch. In addition to providing an inexpensive energy source, starch helps bind feed ingredients together and increases expansion of extruded feeds so that the feed pellets are water stable and float in the water. A typical catfish feed contains 25 percent or more of digestible carbohydrates.Lipid levels in commercial catfish feeds rarely exceed 5-6 percent. About 3-4 percent of the lipid is inherent in the feed ingredients, with the remaining 1-2 percent being sprayed onto the finished pellets to reduce feed “fines”. Both vegetable and animal lipids have been used for pellet coating.

Considerable work has been conducted over the last 10 years concerning the level of dietary protein and amino acids needed for cost effective growth. Data from these studies indicate that the dietary protein requirement for various life stages of catfish ranges from about 25-50 percent. Recent studies have indicated that a protein level of 28 percent is adequate for growout when fish are fed to satiation.

Catfish feed are generally supplemented with a vitamin premix to meet dietary requirements and to compensate for losses due to feed manufacture and storage. Catfish feeds are also supplemented with phosphorus and a trace mineral premix. However, there is evidence that supplemental trace minerals may not be need in diets using animal proteins.

Feeds

There are various types of catfish feeds. The type being used at any particular time is a function of size of fish being fed, whether the fish are feeding at the surface or in the water column, and if an antibiotic is incorporated.

Catfish fry in hatcheries are fed finely ground meal- or flour-type feeds containing 45-50 percent protein. Fines or crumbles from 28 or 32 percent protein feeds for food fish growout are suitable for fry stocked in nursery ponds until they reach 1-2 inches in length. Larger fingerlings should be fed small floating pellets (1/8 inch diameter) containing 35 percent protein. Advanced fingerlings (5-6 inches) and food fish are generally fed a floating feed of approximately 5/32 - 3/16 inch in diameter containing 28-32 percent protein. Some producers switch to a slow-sinking feed during the winter.BDV-114930-BDV

Antibiotics are administered to catfish through incorporation in feeds. Depending on the particular antibiotic chosen, the feed may either be floating or sinking.

Feeding

Despite considerable research, feeding catfish is far from an exact science. It is a highly subjective process that differs among catfish farmers. The variation in feeding practices is a product of numerous factors such as cropping system, fish size, ability to manage water quality, experience of feeding labor, and difficulty in estimating fish inventory.

In general, fish should be fed once a day as much feed as they will consume without adversely affecting water quality. However, depending on water quality variables and the health of the fish, it may be advisable to restrict the daily feed allowance or to feed less often. Long-term feed allowance should not exceed 100-125 pounds per acre per day.

Most catfish producers feed once a day, 7 days a week during the warmer months. Although feeding twice a day may slightly improve growth of fingerlings, the logistics of multiple feedings on large catfish farms make it impractical.

Feed is typically blown onto the surface of the water using mechanical feeders. Feeds should be scattered over as wide an area as possible to provide equal feeding opportunities for as many fish as possible. Feeding with prevailing winds allows the feed to float across the pond and minimizes the amount of feed washing ashore. Overfeeding should be avoided since wasted feed increases production costs.BDV-114930-BDV

source : http://msucares.com/aquaculture/catfish/feed.html
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Catfish: Water Quality

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Water supplies for catfish ponds are usually of good initial quality. However, once the water is used for culture, its quality deteriorates. This deterioration of environmental conditions is ultimately traceable to the use of feed. Despite the use of high quality feeds and careful feeding practices, relatively little of the nutrient value of feed is converted to catfish flesh. The remaining nutrients derived from fish wastes stimulate excessive phytoplankton growth. High rates of phytoplankton metabolism cause pronounced diurnal fluctuations in dissolved oxygen concentrations, dissolved carbon dioxide concentrations, and pH. Such fluctuations cause stress in fish resulting in reduced fish growth rates, poor feed conversion, and reduced resistance to disease. In extreme instances, such as depletion of dissolved oxygen, fish may be unable to adapt and will die.
Literally hundreds of environmental variables may affect fish health and survival, but fortunately only a few are important in commercial catfish culture. Because their concentrations may change rapidly, substances affected by biological activity (dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and nitrite) are the most important aspects of water quality and its management in catfish pond aquaculture.
The development of environment-related off-flavors is another important aspect of water quality management. Off-flavor is unlike the previously listed water quality variables because it does not pose a direct threat to fish health. Rather, it affects the acceptability of fish for processing, which causes delays in harvesting. As such, it increases the cost of production and exposes fish to additional risk of loss to diseases or predators.
Important Water Quality Variables
Dissolved Oxygen: The supply of dissolved oxygen often becomes limiting to catfish because the combined respiration of fish, phytoplankton, and mud-dwelling organisms exerts a tremendous demand for oxygen. At high phytoplankton biomass levels (which is the typical condition in catfish ponds during summer), oxygen production by algae is insufficient to meet the respiratory demand of the pond community and a daily oxygen deficit develops. If this deficit is not offset by artificial aeration, dissolved oxygen levels will drop very low and fish will die.
The key to successful management is early identification of those ponds that may require supplemental mechanical aeration to keep fish alive. Aeration is initiated when dissolved oxygen concentrations fall to a level considered critical (usually around 3 to 4 mg/L). Under current production practices, nearly every catfish pond has dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 2 mg/L at dawn during mid-summer. The duration of low dissolved oxygen concentrations at night usually ranges from 3 to 6 hours/day during mid-summer. Aeration is continued until past dawn when measurements indicate that dissolved oxygen concentrations are increasing as a result of photosynthetic activity.
Carbon dioxide: High rates of respiration in ponds with abundant plankton and high densities of fish result in rapid loss of dissolved oxygen and accumulation of carbon dioxide over the nighttime hours during summer months. Dissolved carbon dioxide concentrations of 5 to 10 mg/L are common on summer mornings in catfish ponds and appear to be well tolerated by channel catfish. They can survive in waters containing up to at least 60 mg/L dissolved carbon dioxide provided dissolved oxygen concentrations are high. Higher concentrations may cause death but chronic problems are rare because daytime uptake in photosynthesis normally serves to remove all the carbon dioxide that is produced in overnight respiration.
Ammonia: Ammonia is the major nitrogenous waste product excreted by fish. The fact that culture is possible at high feeding rates indicates that transformations and losses of nitrogen act to reduce ammonia concentrations. Additionally, as ammonia begins to accumulate, fish respond with reduced appetite, leading to lower rates of ammonia excretion and reduced ammonia concentrations in the water. As such, there are very few documented cases of acute ammonia intoxication in commercial channel catfish ponds. However, ammonia levels can be used to predict the onset of possible nitrite accumulations.
Nitrite: Nitrite is an intermediate product in nitrification, which is a common, bacteria-mediated transformation of ammonia to nitrate in soils and water. Nitrite accumulates to significant levels in ponds only when ammonia concentrations are relatively high and some factor causes the rate of ammonia oxidation to nitrite to exceed the rate of nitrite oxidation to nitrate. Accumulation of nitrite is undesirable because it can be toxic to fish at relatively low concentrations.
Nitrite toxicosis caused large losses of catfish in the early days of the industry, but losses are now very rare. An inexpensive and convenient prophylactic treatment using common salt has been developed and monitoring programs are easy to implement. As such, losses to nitrite toxicosis will result only when the farm manager is negligent in instituting the proper management plan.
Off-flavor
When channel catfish are fed a grain-based diet and raised in clean water, they have a characteristic mild flavor. Pond-raised catfish may, however, develop flavors that can be disagreeable. All catfish processing plants sample fish for flavor quality before processing as a quality control measure. Fish are sampled several times over the weeks before a projected harvest date and if any of the samples have undesirable flavors, the fish will not be accepted for processing.
Most off-flavors in pond-raised catfish are caused by odorous compounds absorbed by fish from the water. Most off-flavors in pond-raised catfish are caused by naturally occurring organic compounds produced by aquatic bacteria or algae. These microorganisms synthesize and release compounds into the water, where they are absorbed through the gills, skin, or gastrointestinal tract of fish
Managing off-flavors can be divided into two general approaches: purging the compound by moving fish to a "clean" environment or using algicides to kill odorous aquatic bacteria or algae. Many farmers choose a more passive approach, however, and simply wait to harvest fish when they are on-flavor. This approach works to some degree because the composition of pond phytoplankton communities constantly changes. When community composition changes and the odor-producing species disappears, off-flavors produced by aquatic bacteria or algae will be purged from the flesh and flavor will improve. However, it is impossible to predict how long the odor-producing microorganisms will remain in the pond. They may disappear in a week or may persist for months.
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Kursus Asas Penternakan Ikan Keli Sesi-9

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Kursus Sesi Ke-9 yang telah dilaksanakan pada 13 Disember 2008 dihadiri oleh 31 orang peserta dan merupakan siri kursus yang paling ramai dihadiri oleh kaum wanita. Tahniah kepada semua peserta kursus khususnya kepada para wanita yang telah menunjukkan minat dalam menceburkan diri dalam perusahaan ikan keli. Kontrak Perladangan turut ditawarkan kepada para peserta yang berminat.

Kursus seterusnya akan diadakan pada 20 Disember 2008 bagi sesi ke-10/2008


Kenangan bersama peserta kursus di kolam

Gambar Kenangan Bersama Peserta Kursus Dari Oya

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Kepentingan Pemberian Makanan Yang Halal & Bersih

Status Kesucian Ikan DIberi Makanan Tidak Halal


Muzakarah Jawatankuasa Fatwa Majlis Kebangsaan

Bagi Hal Ehwal Agama Islam kali ke - 76

Tarikh : 4-6 April 2006

Keputusan Muzakarah :

" Ikan yang dipelihara di dalam kolam ternakan dan seumpamanya adalah haram dimakan sekiranya ikan tersebut sengaja dipelihara di dalam air najis atau sengaja diberi makan najis seperti daging babi, bangkai atau sebagainya".

RUJUKAN:http://www.halaljakim.gov.my/content_view.php?IDarticle=129

Merujuk kepada perkara diatas,adalah sangat lebih baik bagi kita untuk sentiasa memastikan ikan yang diternak mendapat makanan yang terbaik dan semestinya yang bersih & suci kerana ia telah menjadi satu kepentingan dalam Agama Islam,dan bukan terhad kepada kesihatan semata-mata.
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Keperluan Penternak Untuk Mempunyai Lesen Bagi Kolam / Tangki

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Sebagai penternak yang bersungguh-sungguh dalam usaha penternakan,maka adalah wajar bagi kita memperoleh lesen yang berkaitan dengan usaha ini.


Berikut merupakan contoh borang bagi mendapatkan lesen bagi penternakan dalam kolam tanah / kolam tangki.

Para penternak boleh memperoleh borang daripada Jabatan Pertanian. Bayaran Tahunan bagi kolam yang kurang dari 2.9 hektar (jika tidak silap) hanya berjumlah RM2.00 setahun.




Bagi mempermudahkan urusan mendapatkan lesen berikut merupakan senarai semakan bagi tujuan tersebut

Bagi melihat dengan lebih jelas,sila download contoh berkenaan di bahagian download RaTu KeLi Files

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Kursus Asas Penternakan Ikan Keli Sesi 8/2008

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Sesi 08/2008 telah selamat dilaksanakan pada 06 Disember 2008 dengan penyertaan terbanyak kali ini iaitu seramai 46 orang. Kali ini lawatan sambil belajar ke lokasi penternakan bekas peserta kursus turut dikendalikan. Syabas kepada semua peserta kursus yang telah berjaya dalam sesi 08/2008 kali ini.
Semasa Lawatan Sambil Belajar Di Kawasan Ternakan En Mahli


Mengenal Jantina Ikan

Sesi Taklimat Pembangunan Ekonomi & Kontrak Perladangan


Gambar Kenangan Bersama Peserta Kursus Di Kolam Ternakan

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TRADITIONAL AQUACULTURE EXTENSION PROGRAMMES ARE OF LIMITED VALUE FOR THE POOREST OF THE POOR IN BANGLADESH AS THEY HAVE NO PONDS

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Source : http://www.nefisco.org/Chari%20in%20the%20Bari.htm

Therefore In 1998-1999 we implemented the Homestead Magur (catfish) Culture Programme, also known as the Chari in the Bari programme in the Compartmentalization Pilot Project in Bangladesh. With this programme we tried to reach the poorest of the poor, and wanted to show this group that it is possible to grow high-value fish with limited resources.

The main idea behind the programme is that magur (African catfish, Clarias gariepinus) is a good fish to be grown, because of its high growth rate, disease resistance, ability to take up oxygen from the air, etc., but that most local people are not aware of the potential of this fish. A few households in the CPP area have already been growing magur on their homesteads. This method proved to be successful, so CPP has taken up the task to spread this local knowledge among other households with emphasis on professional fishermen, landless, and other poor people. Initially 200 households have joined the Chari in the Bari programme.
The people from this target group have not benefited from the previous aquaculture extension programmes, because they do not have access to ponds. In the Chari in the Bari Programme a pond is not needed; a feeding bucket (or Chari) or a hole in the ground of approximately 1 m2 will be enough to grow 50 fish to marketable size.
One of the selection criteria for the households was that the house where the family lives consists of a straw, mud or jute wall. This to ensure that really the poorest of the poor join the programme. People who wanted to join the programme, but did not comply with the selection criteria were advised to buy from local fish traders, after which they could receive technical assistance from the fisheries section of CPP.
Catfish fry is not available on the local market in the beginning of the year; therefore a small hatchery was built in the project office, where local staff have been producing 6000 catfish fry up to 3 grams. After production of this fry, selected homesteads were offered the possibility to buy 50 fry for a nominal fee (10 Tk), while the normal price for this number of fish would be between 25 and 50 Taka. Later local fish traders were taken along to the fish market in Jessore where it is possible to buy catfish fry.
RESULTS

200 households joined the programme.80% of the participants were females, 15% were males and 5% were children. Some socio economic parameters of the participants are presented below:
  • Average daily income 1.2 US$ per household per day
  • Average household size 4.7 persons
  • 2-3 meals per day
  • All participants were landless

The participants were given four rules for the rearing of the catfish:

  • the fish need to be fed every day
  • the food can be anything except grass and plastic
  • bad smelling water needs to be changed
  • no size difference of fish are allowed

The first rearing cycle lasted about 3-4 months, Fewer than 5% of the participants dropped out, and all of them during the first two weeks

On the average each household sold 5 kg of catfish with an average weight of 100-200 grams. They invested 0.25 US. All feed was gathered around the house and in the surrounding fields, which took about 1 hour per day

On the average each participant earned 8-10 US with the catfish rearing. This seems to be low for development projects. But it must be realized that this is equivalent to:

Therefore we concluded that the homestead rearing of catfish is:

  • A successful method for poverty alleviation
  • Can be used to improve the situation of women
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